|
(gursLrn isMG dy nftk sIs qlI `qy df iek idRsL - itRibAUn ivwcoN DMnvfd
sihq)
[[[ hr rMgmMc isafsI
hY, ikAuNik mnuwK dIaF sfrIaF srgrmIaF isafsI hn aqy rMgmMc AuhnF ivwcoN
iek hY. jo lok rMgmMc nUM isafsq qoN vwK krn dI koisLsL krdy hn, Auh sfnUM
gumrfh krn dI koisLsL krdy hn - aqy ieh iek isafsI mnoibrqI hY. - agsqo
bol
smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df muwK AudysL smfj ivwc jLbr aqy byiensfPI df
ivroD krky smfjk qbdIlI ilafAux leI jwdojihd sLurU krn jF smfjk qbdIlI leI
cwl rhI jwdojihd dI hmfieq krnf hY qF ik smfj nUM inaFpUrbk aqy brfbrI
Biraf smfj bxfieaf jf sky. aijhI smfjk qbdIlI ilafAux leI lokF nUM AuhnF
AuWqy ho rhy jLbr dy kfrnF nUM smJx aqy AuhnF kfrnF dy isafsI, afriQk aqy
siBafcfrk ZficaF nfl sMbMDF bfry jfxn dI loV hY. ies dy nfl hI lokF nUM
smfj ivwc jLbr aqy byiensfPI dI hmfieq kr rhy ZFicaF aqy sMsQFvF ivruwD
sFJy aYksLn jQybMd krn dy ZMgF bfry jfxkfrI dI loV hY. ies leI lokF nUM
AuhnF ivruwD ho rhy jLbr aqy byiensfPI bfry jfxkfrI dyx aqy isiKaq krn dy
nfl nfl smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc lokF nUM jLbr aqy byiensfPI ivurwD jQybMd
krn ivwc vI mdd krdf hY.
smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df ivsLf-vsqU, rUp aqy aml jF pRYkits smfj ivclIaF
smfjk, afriQk aqy isafsI siQqIaF kfrn insLicq huMdy hn. ies leI dunIaF dy
vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df vwKrf vwKrf Kfsf hY. ies dy
bfvjUd AudysL dI sFJ kfrn dunIaF dy vwKry vwKry ihwisaF ivwc ho rhy smfjk
qbdIlI dy rMgmMcF ivwc bhuq sfrIaF smfnqfvF vI hn. iek pfsy ieh smfnqfvF
dunIaF dy vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc ho rhy smfjk qbdIlI dy vwK-vwK rMgmMcF
ivckfr ivsLv pwDr dI sFJ pYdf kr rhIaF hn, dUsry pfsy ieh smfnqfvF smfjk
qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dIaF Kfs ivsLysLqfvF vI sQfpq kr rhIaF hn. ies lyK df
mksd dunIaF dy vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc ho rhy smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dIaF Kfs
ivsLysLqfvF dI insLfndyhI krnf hY qFik sfzy sfhmxy ies rMgmMc dI iek
rUp-ryKf iqafr ho sky. asIN iewQy smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df ivsLf-vsqU,
nftk krn dI QF, nftkF dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI, vysL-BUsLf, KLudmuKLiqafrI
aqy smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm kr rhIaF hor sMsQFvF nfl irsLqy bfry gwl krFgy.
ivsLf-vsqU
smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df ivsLf-vsqU lokF dI ijLMdgI dy srokfrF, msilaF
aqy musLiklF nfl sMbMDq huMdf hY. ivsLv pwDr AuWqy smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc
vloN ijhVy ivsLy pysL kIqy jf rhy hn, AuhnF ivwcoN kuwJ ies pRkfr hn:
kfimaF df sLosLx aqy ies sLosLx nUM Kqm krn aqy afpxI ijLMdgI dIaF hflqF
nMU suDfrn leI kfimaF vwloN kIqI jFdI jwdojihd, jLmInI suDfr, grIbI,
byrujLgfrI, pulIs aiqafcfr, nisLaF dI durvrqoN, bwicaF nfl durivvhfr,
amrIkI sfmrfjvfd, hiQafrF dI dOV, prvfsI mjLdUrF dI smwisafvF, dfj-dhyj dI
smwisaf, cor bfjLfrI, jfq pfq, srkfrI iBRsLtfcfr, mnuwKI aiDkfr, Dfrimk
mUlvfd, iPrkU Psfd, ividak pRbMD dIaF smwisafvF, aOrqF dI afjLfdI afid.
lokF dI ijLMdgI nfl sMbMDq ivisLaF dI cox iehnF msilaF aqy musLiklF nUM
lokF dy iDafn ivwc ilafAuNdI hY. rMgmMc AuWqy lokF dI aslIaq dI pysLkfrI
lokF nfl sFJ pYdf krdI hY. nqIjy vwjoN, “pysLkfrI drsLkF ivckfr aqy drsLkF
aqy pysLkfrI krn vfilaF ivckfr iek BfeIcfry dI Bfvnf pYdf krdI hY”
(Morrison, 1991, p.
35). lokF ivckfr
BfeIcfry dI Bfvnf bhuq mhwqvpUrn hY ikAuNik BfeIcfry dI Bfvnf lokF leI
pysLkfrI aqy aslI ijLMdgI ivckfr sMbMD sQfpq krn ivwc shfeI huMdI hY.
lokF df AuhnF dI aslIaq vwl iDafn idvfAux dy nfl nfl smfjk qbdIlI dy
rMgmMc df ivsLf-vsqU ies aslIaq nUM bdlx dy ZMgF bfry vI gwl krdf hY
(Brecht, 1964; Boal,
1979). sB qoN
pihlF smfjk qbdIlI dI sLurUafq krn leI, lokF dy msilaF, srokfrF aqy
musLiklF bfry gwlbfq Klfa ivwc nhIN kIqI jFdI sgoN isafsI, afriQk aqy
smfjk hflqF nfl joV ky kIqI jFdI hY. nqIjy vjoN, drsLk afpxy sLosLx dy
kfrnF nUM pUrI qrHF smJx dy nfl nfl ieh vI smJdf hY ik Aus df smfjk drjf
smfjk ZFcy ivclIaF nfbrfbrIaF nfl iswDy rUp ivwc juiVaf hoieaf hY
(Brecht’s view in
Epskamp, 1989).
jy sLoisLq lokF dy msilaF nUM AuhnF dIaF smfjk siQqIaF nfl joV ky nf pysL
kIqf jfvy qF sLosLx df dosL sLosLq dy isr mVHn dI sMBfvnf pYdf ho skdI hY
(Kerr, 1991, 1995).
ies gwl nUM spsLt krn leI afE iek nftk dI Audfhrn leIey jo JopV pwtI ivwc
rih rhy lokF dIaF ishq smwisafvF nfl sMbMiDq hY. ieh nftk ieh idKfAuNdf hY
ik lokF dIaF ishq smwisafvF df kfrn JOpVpwtI ivwc rihMdy lokF dy GrF aMdr
aqy glIaF ivwc mOjUd gMdgI hY. ies smwisaf dy hwl dy qOr AuWqy nftk ivwc
lokF nUM afpxy Gr sfP rwKx bfry iswiKaf idwqI geI hY aqy lokF nUM
AuqsLfihq kIqf igaf hY ik JOpVpwtI dIaF glIaF sfP rwKx leI lokF nUM iek
dUsry nUM sihXog dyxf cfhIdf hY aqy rl iml ky glIaF nUM sfP rwKxf cfhIdf
hY. pr nftk ivwc srkfr dy afriQk aqy isafsI PYsilaF aqy nIqIaF bfry gwl
nhIN kIqI geI ik iks qrHF ieh PYsly aqy nIqIaF lokF leI gujLfryXog Gr
muhweIaf krn ivwc nfkfmXfb rhIaF hn. ies qrHF df nftk aijhy nftkF dI iek
cMgI Audfhrn hY ijhVy nftk sLosLq lokF nUM AuhnF dIaF smwisafvF leI dosLI
TihrfAuNdy hn aqy smfj dy ZFcfgq jLbr ivwc qbdIlI ilafAux dI QF sLoisLq
lokF ivwc qbdIlI ilafAux dI vkflq krdy hn
(Kerr, 1991).
smfjk qbdIlI ilafAux leI dUjI mhwqvpUrn gwl ieh hY ik lok afpxI aslIaq nUM
qbdIl krn leI srgrm hox. aijhf krn leI smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df
ivsLf-vsqU aslIaq nUM ieiqhfsk sMdrB ivwc GoKdf hY. iepskYNp, bRYKq dy
ivcfrF nUM afDfr bxfAuNdf hoieaf ilKdf hY ik aslIaq dI ieiqhfsk sMdrB ivwc
pysLkfrI “drsLk nUM ieh drsfAuNdI hY ik Aus df smfjk drjf, mnuwK vwloN
swqf dy irsLiqaF nUM kfiem rwKx leI ieiqhfsk pRikRaf df iswtf hY. ies qrHF
dI cyqnf dy nfl hI drsLk “afpxI hoxI” nUM afpxy hwQF ivwc lY skdf hY, aqy
nftkI pysLkfrI qoN bfhrlIaF smfjk GtnfvF ivwc dKl dyx leI kdm puwt skdf
hY”
(Epskamp, 1989, p.
48-49).
iksy vI smfj nUM iensfP BrpUr jF byiensfPI BrpUr bxfAux ivwc isafsq dI
pRmuwK BUimkf hY. ies leI smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc afpxy smyN dI isafsq bfry
gwl krn qoN nhIN iJjkdf. spsLt rUp ivwc ieh rMgmMc srkfr dy kMm krn aqy
PYsly lYx dy aml aqy ies aml kfrn lokF dI ijLMdgI AuWpr pY rhy asrF nUM
iDafn nfl GoKdf hY. ies dy nfl hI ieh rMgmMc smfj ivcly AuhnF vwK vwK
adfiraF dI insLfndyhI krdf hY jo adfry smfj nUM ijAuN df iqAuN rwKxf
cfhuMdy hn. pr smfj ivclI isafsq dy sLosLk vrqfry nUM hI pysL krnf kfPI
nhIN. smfj ivwc qbdIlI df sfDn bxn leI, ies rMgmMc dy ivsLf-vsqU leI ieh
jLrUrI hY ik Auh bdlvIN isafsq aqy lokF vloN isafsq ivwc ihwsf lYx dy
bdlvyN qrIikaF nUM lwBx leI XqnsLIl hovy. jy smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc aijhf
nhIN krdf, qF iPr ies gwl df Kqrf ho skdf hY ik ieh rMgmMc mOjUd isafsI
ZFcy nUM kfiem rwKx ivwc hI shfiek iswD hovy
(Holderness, 1991)
. ies gwl nUM smJx leI holzrnYWs vloN idwqI iek Audfhrn nUM QoVHf ivsQfr
ivwc dyKxf shfeI ho skdf hY. mMn lAu ik iek nftk isafsq ivcly iBRsLtfcfr
bfry gwl krdf hY, aqy isafsI nyqfvF dy iBRsLtfcfI kfiraF aqy iehnF kfiraF
krky lokF dI ijLMdgI AuWpr pYx vfly asrF nMU ivsQfr nfl pysL krdf hY. ies
dy bfvjUd, nftk ies qoN agFh nhIN jFdf aqy iksy vI iksm dI bdlvIN isafsq
aqy amlF bfry gwl nhIN krdf ijhnF dI vrqoN krky lok ies iBRsLtfcfr nUM Kqm
kr skdy hn. ies qoN ieh Kqrf ho skdf hY ik lok isafsI aslIaq nUM “kudrqI,
atwl, nuksdfr pr nf bdlI jf skx vflI” aslIaq mMnx lwg pYx
(Holderness, 1991, p.
91).
afpxy smyN dI isafsq nUM sMboDn huMdy vkq, kI smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dy
ivsLf-vsqU nUM iksy pfrtI dI lfeIn muqfbk cwlxf cfhIdf hY? dunIaF ivwc
aijhIaF ikMnIaF hI AudfhrnF hn, ijhnF qoN pqf lwgdf hY ik smfjk qbdIlI df
rMgmMc krn vfly isafsI pfrtIaF, Kfs krky KwbIaF isafsI pfrtIaF, nfl bwJy
hoey sn aqy rMgmMc dy ivsLf-vsqU leI iehnF pfrtIaF qoN agvfeI lYNdy sn.
ies dy nfl nfl aijhIaF vI keI AudfhrnF hn, jo ieh drsfAuNdIaF hn ik ieh
rMgmMc krn vfilaF ny isafsI pfrtIaF dy nyqfvF ivruwD sMGrsL kIqf aqy iksy
vI iek pfrtI dI lfeIn mMnx qoN ienkfr kIqf. hux ies sMbMD ivwc iek soc
pYdf ho rhI hY. ies soc muqfbk smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc nUM lokF dI isafsq
nfl pRqIbwD hoxf cfhIdf hY, nf ik iksy iek isafsI pfrtI dI soc nfl. BfrqI
rMgmMc df inrdysLk svdysL dIpk ies bfry ies qrHF kihMdf hY, “myry leI
‘isafsI hox’ df mqlb kdy vI iksy isafsI pfrtI nfl kMm krnf nhIN irhf. ies
df isrP ieh mqlb irhf hY ik iehnF jLflmfnF isafsI nyqfvF hwQoN pIVq afm
lokF dy duwKF qoN sucyq rihxf
(Deepak, 2000, p. 20).
isafsq aqy rMgmMc dy sMbMD ivwc iek hor svfl df juafb dyx dI loV hY:
rMgmMc ivc isafsq bfry ivcfr crcf ikqy rMgmMc dy klfqmk guxF nUM nuksfn qF
nhIN phuMcfAuNdI? keI aflock ieh svfl AuTfAuNdy hn. asl ivwc ieh svfl
afpxy afp ivwc iek isafsI svfl hY. ies bfry iek aPrIkI lyKk gUgI vf iQaFg
ies qrHF kihMdf hY:
iek aflock jo asl ijLMdgI ivwc mukqI leI lV rhy lokF AuWqy sMdyh krdf
hY, Auh aflock AuhnF pfqrF AuWqy vI sMdyh krygf jo pfqr, bysLwk nfvl ivwc
hI, mukqI leI lV rhy hox. Auh aflock jo asl ijLMdgI ivc jmfqF, jmfqI
jwdojihd, sfmrfjvfd df ivroD, nslvfd aqy nslvfd ivruwD jwdojihd aqy
pRiqikRafvfdI ihMsf dy mukfbly ienklfbI ihMsf bfry gwlbfq smyN kfhlf pY
jFdf hY, jdoN klF ikRqF ivwc ieh ivsLy BfrU dyKygf qF Auh Aus smyN vI
kfhlf pY jfvygf. isrjxfqmk ilKqF vFg, aflocnf ivwc ivcfrDfrk jwdojihd
mOjUdf hY.[[[
(Quoted in Steadman, 1991, p. 78)
jLfbr dI srdfrI nUM cuxOqI dyx leI, smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df ivsLf-vsqU
gLflb ivcfrDfrf nUM cuxOqI idMdf hY. ieh cuxOqI dyx leI Auh svfl puwCy
jFdy hn, “jo svfl puwCx qoN hfkm pfsf vwtdy hn. aqy iehnF svflF nUM jnqk
bihs df ihwsf bxfieaf jFdf hY”
(Dutt, 1988, p. 23).
svfl puwCx dy ies aml ivwc smkflI GtnfvF qwk hI sImq nhIN irhf jFdf sgoN
ieiqhfs nUM vI ies aml df ihwsf bxfieaf jFdf hY. bMgfl dy isafsI rMgmMc dy
inrdysLk Auqpl dwq dy sLbdF ivwc, “isafsI rMgmMc ieiqhfs dy asl qwQF dI
dubfrf Koj krdf hY”
(Dutt, 1988, p. 11).
smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc ieiqhfs dIaF AuhnF GtnfvF nUM sfhmxy ilafAuNdf hY,
ijhVIaF GtnfvF lwuty jFdy lokF vwloN luwtx vfly lokF ivruwD sMGrsL nUM
irkfrz krdIaF hn aqy ijhVIaF ieiqhfsk GtnfvF gLflb lokF vwloN pysL kIqy
jFdy ‘pRvfinq’ ieiqhfs ivwc gfieb huMdIaF hn. gLflb ivcfrDfrf nUM idwqI
geI ies qrHF dI cuxOqI, sLoisLq lokF ivwc nvINaF kdrF-kImqF aqy siBafcfr
pYdf krdI hY aqy AuhnF nUM Aus GtIafpx dy aihsfs qoN mukq krdI hY, ijhVf
aihsfs AuhnF ivwc gLflb ivcfrDfrf ny Biraf hY
(Frerie’s views in
Erven, 1988).
smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc nUM rvfieq aqy BUq nfl ikvyN nijwTxf cfhIdf hY?
smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vfilaF ivwcoN keI soc smJ ky lokF dIaF imwQF
aqy rvfieqF nUM smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df ihwsf bxfAuNdy hn. AuhnF df
ivsLvfs hY ik lokF dIaF imwQF aqy rvfieqF nUM smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df
ihwsf bxfAux nfl lokF nUM sLkqI imldI hY ikAuNik aijhf krn nfl lokF ivwc
afpxI idwK aqy pCfx bfry hF-pwKI pRBfv pYNdf hY. ies dy nfl hI rvfieqI
ivsLf-vsqU, bolI, icMnF aqy rUpF dI vrqoN krn nfl lokF ivwc ivcfrF df
sMcfr asrdfiek ZMg nfl huMdf hY, ikAuNik lok pihlF hI iehnF qoN jfxU huMdy
hn. dUsry pfsy smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vfilaF ivwc keI aijhy lok hn jo
kihMdy hn ik sfnUM rvfieqF aqy BUq bfry aflocnfqmk idRsLtI apxfAuxI cfhIdI
hY. AuhnF df dfavf hY ik afm krky rvfieq swqf df ivroD nhIN krdI aqy nqIjy
vwjoN gLflb kdrF-kImqF df smrQn krdI hY
(Hashmi in Erven,
1989; Kid and Rashid, 1984; Weiss et al. 1993).
rvfieqI lok-nft AuWqy itwpxI krdy hoey vIs aqy Aus dy sfQI ilKdy hn ik
“ieh (rvfieqI lok-nft) kdy hI, jy ikqy kry qF, swqf nUM svfl krdf jF mUl
ivsLvfsF nUM cuxOqI idMdf hY. asl ivwc ieh jF qF iswDy rUp ivwc swqf df
snmfn krdf hY, kfAuNslrF, srkfr jF pfdrI dy rUp ivwc; jF pRqIkI rUp ivwc,
Dfrimk mUrqIaF dI BgqI krky”
(Weiss et al. 1993,
p. 14) . iesy
qrHF ikwz aqy rsLId dsdy hn ik iks qrHF BfrqI aYipk, rmfiex aqy mhFBfrq dI
“sfmMqvfdI pRQF aqy bRfhmxvfdI srdfrI”
(Kidd and Rashid,
1984, p. 35) nUM
kfiem rwKx leI vrqoN kIqI geI sI. rusqm BrUcf (1983) dy vI Bfrq dy sMsikRq
zrfimaF bfry ies qrHF dy ivcfr hn. rvfieq aqy BUq bfry aflocnfqmk phuMc
apxfAux dy DfrnIaF df ivcfr hY ik rMgmMc ivwc rvfieq dI vrqoN Aus vyly hI
lfhyvMd hovygI jy Auh iksy qrHF ajokIaF siQwqIaF nfl sMbMDq hovy. ies dy
nfl hI ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik rvfieq dI kImq, arQ aqy lfBdfiekqf
smyN dy bdlx nfl bdldI rihMdI hY. ies leI smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc df rvfieq
nfl irsLqf jVH nhIN ho skdf.
Kyzx sQfn
afpxI ijLMdgI dIaF siQqIaF kfrn, sLoisLq lokF leI ieh lgBg asMBv hY ik Auh
afpxy rihx vflIaF QFvF qoN bfhr jf ky iksy kyNdrI nft-sLflf ivc rMgmMc
dyKx jfx. ies leI smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc lokF qwk afp phuMcx leI vcnbwD
hY. gursLrn isMG anusfr, smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc, “AuzIk nhIN kr skdf ik
lok Auhdy qwk cwl ky afAux, ies leI Aus ny aijhy rUp apnfAuxy hn ik Auh
lokF qwk cwl ky jf sky” (mMcn 25, sPf 49). ajmyr aOlK aqy pMjfb dy ipMz
ipMz jf ky nftk krn vfly dUsry rMgkrmI vI ies ivcfr dy DfrnI hn. sPdr
hfsLmI df vI ivcfr sI ik “jy lok rMgmMc qwk nhIN af rhy qF jLrUrI hY ik
rMgmMc lokF qwk jfvy”
(Hashmi, 1989, p. 33).
ies vcnbwDqf nUM pUrf krn leI smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vfly afpxf rMgmMc
ipMzF, ksibaF aqy bsqIaF ivwc krdy hn. bhuqIaF hflqF ivwc lokF dIaF rihx
vflIaF QFvF AuWqy ‘rvfieqI nft-sLflfvF’ nhIN huMdIaF. ies leI smfjk qbdIlI
dy rMgmMc dIaF srgrmIaF pfrkF, Kyz mYdfnF, ipMzF dy cOrsiqaF, bws-awizaF,
rylvy stysLnF, bfjLfrF, PYktrI-gytF, glIaF dIaF nuwkrF, vfiVaF, crcF,
skUlF, ijmnyjLIamF, kimAUintI hflF, XUnIanF dy hflF, KflI KyqF,
rYstorYNtF, jylHF aqy ies qrHF dIaF hor QFvF ivwc huMdIaF hn. nftk krn leI
styj iek 15-20 Puwt ivafs df gol dfierf ho skdf hY, ijs dy cfrIN pfsy
drsLk bYTy hox, jF koeI pwkf jF afrjLI qOr `qy bxfieaf igaf QVHf ho skdf
hY. dfKlf jF qF muPq huMdf hY jF iPr dfKlf itkt bhuq QoVHI huMdI hY qF ik
hr koeI nftk dyKx af sky. iewQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik smfjk qbdIlI dy
rMgmMc dI ies gwl nfl koeI ivroDqfeI nhIN jy ieh rMgmMc ‘rvfieqI
nft-sLflf’ ivwc hovy. pr ieh sLrq jLrUr hY ik ‘rvfieqI nft-sLflf’ ivwc
rMgmMc krn nfl ies rMgmMc AuWqy iksy qrHF dIaF bMdsLF nf lfeIaF geIaF hox
aqy iewQy sfry lok af skdy hox.
ieh gwl qF spsLt hY ik lokF dIaF rihx vflIaF QFvF ivckfr rMgmMc krn nfl
lokF dI rMgmMc qwk phuMc vDdI hY. ies dy nfl hI keI hflqF ivwc aijhf krnf
lokF vwloN afpxIaF sFJIaF QFvF AuWqy afpxf hwk jF kMtrol jqfAux df iek aml
vI bx jFdf hY. ikwz aqy rsLId (1984) ies sMbMD ivwc iek Audfhrn idMdy hn.
bMglf dysL dy iek ipMz ivwc byjLmIny lok ipMz dy skUl dI grfAuNz ivwc nftk
Kyzx dI Xojnf bxf rhy sn. nftk ipMz dI bYNk dy mYnyjr dy iBRsLtfcfr bfry
sI. bYNk mYnyjr ny skUl dy hYWzmfstr AuWqy dbfa pfieaf ik Auh skUl dI
grfAuNz ivwc nftk nf hox dyvy. bYNk mYnyjr dI mMg nUM pUrf krn leI
hYWzmfstr ny nftk leI skUl ivwcoN ibjlI dyx qoN ienkfr kr idwqf. ies dy
juafb ivwc nftk krn vfly aqy nftk dyKx afey sRoqy iekwTy ho ky hYWzmfstr
kol gey aqy jLor nfl mMg kIqI ik Auh skUl dI ibjlI vrqx dyvy. hYWzmfstr
AuhnF dI mMg awgy Juk igaf aqy nftk imwQI hoeI Xojnf muqfbk Kyizaf igaf.
ies qrHF nftk krn df aml hI afpxy afp ivwc lokF vloN hwk lYx leI kIqI
jwdojihd ho inbiVaf.
jdoN rMgmMc lokF dIaF rihx vflIaF QFvF AuWqy Kyizaf jFdf hY qF rMgmMc nUM
AuhnF hI bMdsLF aqy rukfvtF df sfhmxf krnf pYNdf hY, ijhVIaF rukfvtF aqy
bMdsLF df lok afpxy jIvn ivwc hr rojL sfhmxf krdy hn (Kidd & Rashid,
1984). afAu iek aijhy ipMz dI Audfhrn leIey ijs ipMz ivwc jgIrdfr vwloN
byjLmIny lokF df sLosLx kIqf jFdf hY. byjLmIny lokF dI jLubfn bMd krn leI
jgIrdfr keI qrHF dy ZMg vrqdf hY. Auh DmkI idMdf hY ik ijhVf vI jgIrdfr
ivruwD bolygf Aus nUM jgIrdfr dI ihMsf df isLkfr hoxf pvygf. hux jy
jgIrdfr dy sLosLx ivruwD nftk ipMz ivwc hovygf qF nftk krn vfilaF nUM vI
jgIrdfr dI ihMsf dI DmkI df sfhmxf krnf pvygf aqy ies df mukfblf krn leI
ZMg lwBxy pYxgy. jgIrdfr dI ihMsf df sfhmxf krn leI ZMg lwBx df aml aqy
jgIrdfr dI ihMsf dI DmkI nUM cuxOqI afpxy afp ivwc hI ies ipMz dI smfjk
aslIaq nUM bdlx leI iek mhwqvpUrn aml hovygI.
nftk dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI
afm qOr AuWqy smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vfilaF vwloN nftk dI isrjxf aqy
pysLkfrI bfry do phuMcF vrqIaF jFdIaF hn- pRdrsLnI (prPfrmYNs) rMgmMc aqy
sLmUlIaq vflf rMgmMc. iehnF dohF phuMcF nUM apxfAux vfly rMgkrmI smfjk
qbdIlI dy sMbMD ivwc ieko ijhy afdrsL rwKdy hn; pr nftk dI isrjxf aqy
pysLkfrI ivwc drsLkF dy rol bfry AuhnF df vwK vwK njLrIaf hY. pRdrsLnI
rMgmMc aqy sLmUlIaq vfly rMgmMc ivckfr Prk smJx leI nftk dI isrjxf aqy
pysLkfrI ivwc drsLkF dy rol nUM smJxf muwK gwl hY.
pRdrsLnI rMgmc
pRdrsLnI rMgmMc ivwc rMgkrmI skirpt dI isrjxf aqy nftk dI iqafrI krdy hn
aqy iPr nftk nUM drsLkF sfhmxy pysL krdy hn. skirpt dI isrjxf aqy nftk dI
iqafrI (inrdysLn, sYWt izjLfien, rOsLnI, pbilstI vgYrf) ivakqIgq pwDr
AuWqy jF smUhk qOr AuWqy kIqI jFdI hY. nftk df ivsLf-vsqU sLoisLq lokF dy
msilaF aqy srokfrF nfl sMbMDq huMdf hY aqy sLoisLq lokF dy ihqF nUM iDafn
ivwc rwKky hflq df ivsLlysLx krdf hY. afpxy nftkF dy ivisLaF dI cox krn
leI jF qF lyKk afpxy qjrby aqy inrIKx nUM afDfr bxfAuNdy hn jF Auh smfjk
qbdIlI leI kMm kr rhIaF dUsrIaF jQybMdIaF nfl slfh msLvrf krdy hn. keI vfr
rMgkrmI lokF aqy BfeIcfiraF ivwc jf ky lokF dy srokfrF, musLiklF aqy AuhnF
musLiklF dy hwlF bfry Koj krdy hn. jdoN nftk iqafr ho jFdy hn qF AuhnF dI
pysLkfrI AuhnF QFvF `qy kIqI jFdI hY ijhnF QFvF AuWqy afm lok af skdy hox.
bhuqI vfr nftk dI pysLkfrI qoN bfad drsLkF nfl rsmI jF gYr-rsmI pwDr AuWqy
gwlbfq kIqI jFdI hY. afm qOr AuWqy ies gwlbfq dy afDfr AuWqy nftk dI
skirpt ivwc qbdIlIaF kIqIaF jFdIaF hn. bhuqI vfrI nftk dI rIhrsl aqy
pysLkfrIaF qoN bfad imlIaF lokF dIaF rfvF dy afDfr AuWqy skirpt ivwc keI
vfr qbdIlIaF kIqIaF jFdIaF hn.
pRdrsLnI rMgmMc smfjk qbdIlI dy kfrj ivwc keI qrHF mdd krdf hY. sB qoN
pihlF ikAuNik ieh nftk afm lokF dI phuMc vflI QF `qy kIqf jFdf hY, ies leI
ies nfl ies Dfrnf ivwc Prk pYNdf hY ik nftk isrP visLsLt vrg leI hI hY.
nMbr do, ieh AuhnF ivisLaF bfry gwl krdf hY ijhnF ivisLaF bfry mwuK Dfrf
dy mIzIey ivwc gwl nhIN kIqI jFdI, ijvyN ik lokF dI grIbI dy ZFcfgq kfrn.
ieh rMgmMc lokF dy msilaF nUM ivcfr vtFdry leI jnqk mMc AuWqy ilafAuNdf hY
aqy AuhnF msilaF bfry bdlvyN njLrIey aqy ivsLlysLx pysL krdf hY. ies qrHF
ieh gLflb ivcfrDfrf nUM cuxOqI dyx vfly iek asrdfr mfiDafm dy qOr AuWqy
kMm krdf hY. nMbr iqMn, ieh lokF nUM nftk dyKx leI iek sFJI QF AuWqy
ilafAuNdf hY, ijs nfl lokF ivckfr BfeIcfry dI Bfvnf pYdf huMdI hY. nMbr
cfr, jdoN ies rMgmMc dI pysLkfrI lokF dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kIqI jFdI
hY (bhuqI vfr ies qrHF hI huMdf hY) qF ieh rMgmMc iehnF jQybMdIaF dy lokF
nfl mhwqvpUrn aqy pfeydfr sMbMD sQfpq krn ivwc mdd krdf hY. nMbr pMj, jdoN
ieh rMgmMc ros mfrcF aqy rYlIaF ivwc pysL kIqf jFdf hY qF ieh rMgmMc afpxy
afp ros aqy ivroD df asrdfr sfDn ho inbVdf hY.
pr keI aflock pRdrsLnI rMgmMc dI aflocnf krdy hn. AuhnF muqfbk ies rMgmMc
dI phuMc “AuWqoN hyTF” vflI hY. ies ivwc BfeIcfry qoN bfhrly rMgkrmI nftk
krdy hn aqy lok isrP drsLk huMdy hn. ies dy nfl hI ieh phuMc sQfnk lokF dy
siBafcfrk aqy isrjxfqmk vsIilaF nUM axgOilaF krdI hY aqy lokF nUM
siBafcfrk qOr AuWqy bfhrly rMgkrmIaF AuWqy inrBr bxfAuNdI hY
(Kidd & Rashid, 1984).
nftk dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI AuWqy lokF df koeI kMtrol nhIN huMdf. ies leI
ies rMgmMc rfhIN “bfhrly lokF df ajMzf aqy ivsLlysLx” sQfnk lokF AuWqy
Toisaf jFdf hY
(Kidd & Rashid, 1984,
p. 35). ies qoN
awgy aflockF df kihxf hY ik jy lok nftk dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI ivwc ihwsf
nhIN lYxgy, qF bhuq vwzI sMBfvnf hY ik Auh nftk ivwc smfjk qbdIlI leI
suJfey amlF ivwc vI ihwsf nhIN lYxgy. rOs ikwz dy ivcfr ivwc, jy lokF nUM
nftk dy zfielfgF aqy aYksLn qoN bfhr rwiKaf jfvygf, qF nftk muwkx qoN bfad
AuhnF nUM aYksLn ivwc pfAuxf vI bhuq musLikl hovygf
(In Kerr, 1995).
sLmUlIaq vflf rMgmMc
sLmUlIaq vfly rMgmMc df kyNdrI nukqf hY lokF nUM nftk dI isrjxf aqy
pysLkfrI ivwc sLfml krnf. ieh phuMc lfqInI amrIkf dy ividak mfihr pflo
PryrI aqy brfjLIl dy nftk inrdysLk agsqo bol dIaF ilKqF AuWqy afDfrq hY.
agsqo bol anusfr sLoisLq lokF dy rMgmMc df muwK mksd, “lokF nUM - nftk dy
vrqfry ivwc AudfsIn ‘qmfsLbInF” qoN kriqaF, aml krn vfilaF, nftkI aYksLn
bdlx vfilaF ivwc bdlxf hY”
(Boal, 1979, p. 122).
ies qoN agFh Aus df ieh ivcfr hY ik, “ienklfbI rMgmMc dy sfry gruwpF nUM
rMgmMc dy Auqpfdn dy sfDn lokF nUM sONpxy cfhIdy hn qF ik lok AuhnF dI afm
vrqoN kr skx. rMgmMc iek hiQafr hY aqy ieh lokF dy hwQ ivwc hoxf cfhIdf
hY”
(Boal, 1979, p. 122).
bol qoN ibnF eysLIaf aqy Kfs krky iPlpIn ivwc keI rMgkrmI hn ijhnF ny
sLmUlIaq vfly rMgmMc dy ivkfs leI mOilk kMm kIqf hY. lokF nUM nftk dI
isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI ivwc sLfml krn leI, smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dy rMgkrmI
awgy dwsy kdm cuwkdy hn: 1) Auh iek sQfnk BfeIcfry, ipMz, ksby jF bsqI
ivwc jFdy hn aqy lokF nfl jfx-pCfx krdy hn; 2) lokF qoN AuhnF dI ijLMdgI
dIaF hflqF bfry jfxkfrI lYNdy hn; 3) lokF nUM rMgmMc dy muZly hunr
isKfAuNdy hn; 4) lokF dI ijLMdgI bfry nftk iqafr krn leI lokF nfl iml ky
kMm krdy hn; 5) sQfnk lokF dy sfhmxy nftkF dI pysLkfrI krdy hn; 6) nftkF
bfry lokF dI rfie lYNdy hn
(Boal, 1979; Erven,
1992; Kidd & Rashid, 1984)
. iervn anusfr eysLIaf dy rMgkrmI nftk leI lfeI vrksLfp qoN pihlF aqy bfad
lokF nfl sMprk krn nUM bhuq mhwqqf idMdy hn. sMprk krn dIaF gqIivDIaF ivwc
nftk iqafr krn leI lfeI jfx vflI vrksLfp qoN pihlF lokF dI ijLMdgI dIaF
smfjk, isafsI, afriQk aqy siBafcfrk hflqF bfry lokF qoN jfxnf sLfml hY.
ies dy nfl hI nftk qoN bfad lokF nUM isKfey nftk hunrF df inrIKx krnf,
lokF dy hunrF nUM apzyt krn leI isKlfeI kors lfAuxy, lokF nUM lIzr bxn leI
isKlfeI dyxI aqy iPr lokF nUM ielfkfeI aqy kOmI pwDr dy rMgmMc dIaF
sMsQFvF nfl joVn ivwc mdd krnf sLfml hY. eysLIaf dy iehnF rMgkrmIaF df
ivcfr hY ik mukqI dy rMgmMc dy lMmy smyN qwk cldf rihx leI ieh jLrUrI hY
ik ipMz dI pwDr df rMgmMc ielfkfeI aqy kOmI pwDr dy rMgmMc nfl juVy. aijhf
hox nfl ipMz ipMz ivwc sQfpq kIqy ieh nftk gruwp smF pf ky nYsLnl pwDr
AuWqy iek siBafcfrk lihr bxn df sfDn bxngy
(Erven, 1992).
sLmUlIaq vfly rMgmMc dy hfmIaF df ivsLvfs hY ik lok rMgmMc qoN Aus vyly
ijLafdf iswKdy hn jdoN Auh afp rMgmMc dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI ivwc sLfml
hox. afpxIaF smwisafvF dy hwl lwBx dy aml ivwc lokF dI sLmUlIaq AuhnF nUM
hryk hwl dIaF KubIaF, hwl dy rfh ivwc afAux vflIaF rukfvtF, cuxOqIaF aqy
nuksfnF nUM cMgI qrHF smJx dI Xogqf pRdfn krdI hY
(Bharucha, 1983;
Kerr, 1991). ies
qoN vI awgy jdoN drsLkF ivwcoN bhuqy lok smwisafvF dy hwl lwBx ivwc ihwsf
lYxgy, qF ieh sMBv hY ik Auh smwisafvF dy iek qoN vwD hwl pysL krngy.
agsqo bol anusfr, “rMgmMc df kMm shI rsqf idKfAuxf nhIN, sgoN Aus df kMm
Auh sfDn muhweIaf krnf hY ijhnF nfl sfry sMBv rsiqaF nUM dyiKaf jf skdy”
(Boal, 1979, p. 141).
smfjk qbdIlI nfl juVy hoey bhuqy rMgkrmIaF aqy ivdvfnF df afm qOr AuWqy
ieh ivsLvfs hY ik sLmUlIaq vflf rMgmMc afpxy afp ivwc hI mukqIdfiek hY. pr
ies bfry AuhnF nUM sfvDfn hox dI loV hY aqy ieh Xfd rwKx dI loV hY ik
rMgmMc, “iek qknIk dy qOr `qy inrpwK hY, ieh sLosLx krn dy mksd leI vI
vriqaf jf skdf hY aqy mukqI dy mksd leI vI”
(Epskamp, 1989, p.
166) . zyivz kr
(1991) mlfvI ivwc kIqy afpxy kMm dy afDfr AuWqy ies sMbMD ivwc keI
mhwqvpUrn nukqy pysL krdf hY. pihlI Audfhrn ivwc Auh rMgmMc dy iek pRojYkt
dI gwl krdf hY ijs pRojYkt df mksd lokF nUM ishq sMBfl bfry isiKaq krnf
sI. ies pRogrfm ivwc sLfml hox vfly lokF ivwc srkfr vloN muZlI ishq sMBfl
dy aiDkfrI aqy lokF vloN ipMz pwDr dIaF ishq kmytIaF dy mYNbr sLfml sn.
muZlI ishq sMBfl bfry smJ aqy jfxkfrI df sMcfr krn leI rMgmMc ivwc sQfnk
BfsLf aqy siBafcfrk rUpF dI vrqoN kIqI geI sI. lokF nUM rMgmMc ivwc sLfml
krn leI ieh pRojYkt aYnf kfmXfb hoieaf ik QoVHy icr ivwc hI ipMzF ivwc 20
qoN vwD nftk-gruwp hoNd ivwc af gey. pr kr anusfr ies pRojYkt ivwc do gwlF
aijhIaF sn ijhnF qoN jfpdf sI ik ieh rMgmMc mlfvI dy lokF nUM AuhnF dI
mukqI vl nhIN iljf skygf. pihlI gwl pRfiemrI ishq ivBfg dy aiDkfrIaF ny
nftkF ivwc pysL kIqIaF geIaF jmfqI aqy smfjk ivroDqfeIaF nUM KuMZf krn dI
koisLsL kIqI sI. dUsrI gwl nftkF dI pysLkfrI nMU ies qrHF jQybMd kIqf igaf
sI ik Auh styt dI ivcfrDfrf nUM shI TihrfAuNdy sn. kr ies gwloN bhuq hYrfn
sI ik rMgmMc dy Auh gruwp ijhnF ivwc ipMzF dy lok sLfml sn, srkfrI pRcfr
Bry zrfmy kr rhy sn jdoN ik isrjxf dy sfDn lokF dy hwQ ivwc dy idwqy gey
sn.
dUsrI Audfhrn ivwc kr pRdrsLnI-rMgmMc dI phuMc nfl iqafr kIqy aPrIkf dy
iek hor nftk, ‘dy kfl iewt aPrIkf’ dI pyNzU lokF vloN sLmUlIaq rMgmMc dI
phuMc nfl pRfiemrI ishq dy msilaF bfry iqafr kIqy nftkF nfl qulnf krdf hY.
‘dy kfl iewt aPrIkf’ nftk nUM kr ny inrdysLq kIqf sI aqy ieh nftk
XUnIvristI dy ividafrQIaF vwloN smUhk qOr `qy iliKaf igaf sI. kr df kihxf
sI ik bysLwk ‘dy kfl iewt aPrIkf’ pRdrsLnI rMgmMc dI phuMc nfl iqafr kIqf
igaf sI iPr vI ieh nftk vwzI pwDr dy msilaF - ijvyN bhukOmI kfrporysLnF
vwloN aPrIkf dI afriQk luwt aqy ivkfs leI idwqI afriQk mdd dI nfkfmXfbI
nUM sMboDn hoieaf sI. dUsry pfsy lokF dI pUrI sLmUlIaq nfl iqafr kIqy nftk
lokF dy sQfnk msilaF nUM kOmI aqy aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr `qy kMm krdy isafsI aqy
afriQk ZFcy nfl joV ky dyKx ivwc nfkfmXfb rhy sn. iehnF gwlF dy afDfr `qy
kr df kihxf hY ik ijMnf icr qwk srkfr dIaF pflsIaF kfrn pyNzU lok ividaf
qoN kory aqy aigafnI rihMdy hn, AunF icr qwk iehnF lokF dI pUrI sLmUlIaq
nfl iqafr kIqy siBafcfrk pwDr AuWqy hr pwKoN ZukvyN nftk vI lokF nUM smfjk
qbdIlI leI loVINdI cyqnf pRdfn krn ivwc nfkfmXfb rihxgy.
ies dy afDfr AuWqy kr (1991) AuhnF rMgkrmIaF nUM icqfvnI idMdf hY jo ieh
smJdy hn ik isrP sLmUlIaq vflI phuMc vflf rMgmMc hI smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc
ho skdf hY. Aus anusfr iek smfj ivwc rMgmMc dI ikhVI phuMc kMm krygI, ieh
gwl Aus smfj ivclIaF ivroDqfeIaF AuWqy inrBr hY. ies krky Auh rMgmMc bfry
bhuBFqI phuMc apnfAux dI vkflq krdf hY. Aus df ivcfr hY ik:
sMsfr dI swqf AuWqy kfbjL sLkqIaF afpxy afp nUM hYrfnIjnk qyjLI nfl
isafsq ivwc afeIaF qbdIlIaF anusfr Zflx dI koisLsL kr rhIaF hn. Auh afpxy
ivruwD vrqy jfx vfly hiQafrF nUM bhuq CyqI hiQaf lYNdIaF hn. iehnF hflqF
ivwc rMgkrmIaF ivwc vI hflqF anusfr kMm kr skx dI smrwQf cfhIdI hY aqy
lokF dIaF jwdojihdF dI loV muqfbk rMgkrmIaF ivwc rMgmMc dIaF vwK vwK
phuMcF vrq skx dI Xogqf hoxI cfhIdI hY. smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc vwloN iksy
iek iksm dy rMgmMc nUM kwtVpMQI pwDr AuWqy mfnqf dyx nfl awj dIaF qyjLI
nfl bdl rhIaF hflqF ivwc lokF dI siBafcfrk jwdojihd lVn dI Xogqf nUM
nuksfn phuMc skdf hY. ies smyN rMgkrmIaF nUM vwD qoN vwD lckdfr phuMc
apnfAux dI loV hY.
(Kerr, 1991, p. 3).
mMc smwgrI
smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc ivwc mMc smwgrI bfry koeI insLcq inXm nhIN hn.
bhuqI vfr rMgmMc krn vflI mMzlI dy vsIly inrDfrq krdy hn ik Aus nftk mMzlI
ny iks qrHF dI mMc-smwgrI vrqxI hY. spyn dI kuafzrf zI sYvIlf nfmI
nftk-mMzlI dy bfnI sYlvfzor tYvorf df kihxf hY, “asIN afpxf rMgmMc AuhnF
sfrIaF cIjLF nfl isrijaf jo cIjLF asIN afpxI rojLfnf ijLMdgI ivwc ijLMdf
rihx jF inrbfh krn leI vrqdy sI”(Quoted
in Erven, 1988, p. 150).
iPlpIn dI aYjUkysLn iQeytr aYsOsIeysLn
(PETA)
dI muwK izjLfeInr brYNzf ajfrzo df ivsLvfs hY ik iek klfkfr nUM hmysLF hI
afpxy sfDnF dy aMdr rih ky kMm krnf cfhIdf hY. Auh svfl krdI hY, “iek
klfkfr smfjk qOr `qy ijLMmyvfr hox df dfavf iks qrHF kr skdf hY jy Auh
QuVH dy smyN afpxI pRozksLn `qy bhuqf ijLafdf Krc krdf hY”
(Quoted in Erven,
1992, p. 37).
gursLrn isMG vI afpxy sfDnF aMdr rih ky kMm krn dI vkflq krdf hY jdoN Auh
kihMdf hY, “ijwQy sfDn iml jfx vrq lYxy cfhIdy hn. ijwQy nhIN imldy AuWQy
mMc jVq df kYdI nhIN bxnf cfhIdf” (mMcn 25, sPf 38) jF jdoN Auh kihMdf hY
ik, “qknIk sfDnF anusfr hI vrqI jfxI cfhIdI hY. nftk qknIk df gulfm nhIN
bx skdf” (vrmf, 1997, sPf 204). ajmyr isMG aOlK dy rMgmMc ivwc vrqI jFdI
Gwt qoN Gwt mMc smwgrI ies gwl df pRqwK sbUq hY ik Auh vI afpxy sfDnF ivwc
rih ky kMm krn df DfrnI hY. smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc ivwc vrqI jfx vflI mMc
smwgrI bfry iek hor gwl ieh hY ik Auh nftk krn dI QF aqy hflq dy anukUl
hovy. Audfhrn leI, izktytr mfrko dI hkUmq vyly iPlpIn dy rMgkrmIaF nUM ieh
Kqrf sI ik AuhnF dI rMgmMc dI isafsq kfrn AuhnF nUM igRPqfr kIqf jf skdf
sI. ies Kqry nUM Gwt krn leI rMgkrmI “hlky muKOitaF aqy iek vfr vrq ky
suwtI jf skx vflI smwgrI dI vrqoN krdy sn aqy nftkI ilbfsF dI bhuq Gwt
vrqoN krdy sn jF iblkul hI vrqoN hI nhIN krdy sn”
(Erven, 1987, p. 63).
BfvyN ik smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vflIaF kuJ mMzlIaF aijhIaF hn jo
ivsiqRq mMc smwgrI dI vrqoN krdIaF hn, pr bhuqIaF mMzlIaF Gwt qoN Gwt mMc
smwgrI dI vrqoN krdIaF hn. Audfhrn leI bMgflI nftk inrdysLk bfdl isrkfr
“Qf aqy adfkfr dy ijsm”
(Bharucha, 1983, p.
143) nUM hI mMc
smwgrI dy qOr `qy vrqx ivwc ivsLvfs rwKdf hY. Aus df ieh ivsLvfs Aus dy
nftk qjrby dy afDfr `qy bixaf hY. BrUcy muqfbk isrkfr afpxy rMgmMc ivwc
rOsLnI vrgy nftk sfDnF dI vrqoN kiraf krdf sI. iek vfr iek sLoa ivckfr
iPAUjL Auzx kfrn spft lfeItF ny kMm krnf bMd kr idwqf. nqIjy vwjoN nftk df
bfkI df ihwsf hfl dIaF lfeItF dI rOsLnI ivwc kIqf igaf. ies gwl vwl drsLkF
ny iblkul iDafn nhIN idwqf aqy nftk nUM pUrI iekfgrqf nfl dyiKaf. ies Gtnf
dy nqIjy vjoN isrkfr df ieh ivsLvfs bx igaf ik nftk dI pRozksLn ivwc
rOsLnI dI vrqoN jLrUrI nhIN. muwkdI gwl ieh hY ik smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc
afpxI loV aqy vsIilaF muqfbk mMc smwgrI vrqdf hY, aqy hmysLF ies gwl qoN
sucyq rihMdf hY ik mMc smwgrI dI ivsiqRq vrqoN kfrn rMgmMc drsLkF dI phuMc
qoN bfhr nf ho jfvy.
KLudmuKqfrI
ikAuNik smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc smfj dy jLorfvr visLsLt vrg dy ihqF df
smrQn nhIN krdf, ies leI ieh bhuq jLrUrI hY ik Auh KLudmuKLqfr aqy afjLfd
hovy. kI smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc mfiek mdd aqy ivqI vsIilaF leI srkfr aqy
smfj dy hor jLorfvr ihqF `qy inrBr ho ky KLudmuKLqfr aqy afjLfd rih skdf
hY? smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc krn vfly kuJ lokF df ivsLvfs hY ik Auh srkfr
qoN pYsf lYx qoN bfad vI afpxI KLudmuKqfrI kfiem rwK skdy hn aqy lokF nUM
jfxkfrI aqy iswiKaf dy skdy hn. Audfhrn leI, idwlI df jfgrn iQeytr srkfr
qoN pYsf lYNdf hY aqy idwlI dIaF JoNpVpwtIaF ivwc “kimAuintI dI iswiKaf
aqy ivkfs” leI kMm krdf hY
(Bakshi, 1989)
. pr hor keI rMgkrmIaF df ivsLvfs hY ik smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc afpxIaF
ivqI loVF leI sQfpqI AuWqy inrBr nhIN ho skdf. bfdl isrkfr df kihxf hY ik
sQfpqI (srkfr jF hor jLorfvr ihqF) qoN leI geI mfiek shfieqf aKIr ivwc
nftk mMzlI nUM smJOqf krn leI mjbUr krygI
(Bharucha, 1983)
. zyivz kr (1991, 1995) df ivcfr hY ik jdoN smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc srkfr
dI srpRsqI jF srkfr dy sihXog nfl kMm krygf, qF rMgmMc rfhIN lokF dy ihqF
dI QF srkfr dy ihqF dI gwl hox df Kqrf bx jFdf hY.
AuprlI gwlbfq dy afDfr AuWqy ieh hI ikhf jf skdf hY ik smfjk qbdIlI df
rMgmMc krn vfilaF nUM srkfr jF jLorfvr iDrF qoN afriQk shfieqf lYx jF
AuhnF nfl iml ky kMm krn dy svfl bfry bhuq iDafn aqy sfvDfnI nfl socxf
cfhIdf hY. jy ies gwl dI rwqI Br vI guMjfiesL hovy ik srkfr dI srpRsqI lYx
nfl jF srkfr nfl kMm krn nfl AuhnF nUM afpxy kMm ivwc smJOqf krnf pvygf qF
AuhnF nUM aijhf krn qoN guryjL krnf cfhIdf hY. vIs aqy Aus dy sfQIaF
anusfr Aus rMgmMc nUM smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc nhIN ikhf jf skdf, ijhVf
rMgmMc klfqmk PYsilaF, ivisLaF dI cox aqy skirptF dI iqafrI ivwc srkfr qoN
jF hor ZFicaF qoN afjLfd nhIN hY.
smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm kr rhIaF hor sMsQFvF nfl irsLqf
rMgmMc lokF nUM jfxkfrI dyx, ivcfr vtFdry leI mMc muhweIaf krn aqy afpxIaF
hflqF df aflocnfqmk ivsLlysLx kr skx ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kr skdf hY. pr
ieh sfrIaF cIjLF iekwlIaF smfjk qbdIlI nhIN ilaf skdIaF. smfjk qbdIlI df
aml sLurU krn aqy ies aml nUM cldf rwKx leI smUhk aml dI loV hY. ies iksm
dy amlF nUM jQybMd aqy lfmbMd krn leI smfjk, isafsI, mjLdUrF, aOrqF aqy
ies iksm dy hor vrgF dIaF jQybMdIaF df muwK rol hY. ies krky smfjk qbdIlI
dy rMgmMc nUM ies iksm dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl rfbqf kfiem krn aqy shfiek aqy
BfeIvflI vflf irsLqf sQfpq krn dI loV hY. ikz aqy rsLId anusfr, “styj
AuWqy jwdojihd jQybMd krn aqy asl ijLMdgI ivwc jwdojihd jQybMd krn ivwc
Prk hY aqy ies Prk nUM awKoN Auhly nhIN krnf cfhIdf. rMgmMc df lfmbMdI aqy
jwdojihd nfl juiVaf hoxf jLrUrI hY. ijwQy ieh sLrqF pUrIaF huMdIaF hn,
AuWQy rMgmMc afpxy afp ivwc jwdojihd df iek rUp bx skdf hY”
(Kidd & Rashid, 1984,
p. 32). kr (1991)
df ivcfr hY ik jy smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc ies iksm dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl nfqf
nhIN joVdf jF kimAuintI ivwc aijhIaF jQybMdIaF nhIN hn qF rMgmMc ivwc
drsfey gey hwlF `qy aml krnf asMBv ho jFdf hY. pMjfb ivwc ho rhy smfjk
qbdIlI dy rMgmMc qoN vI ieh gwl bhuq spsLt ho jFdI hY ik smfjk qbdIlI dy
rMgmMc aqy lok-pwDr `qy smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF ivckfr
BfeIvflI bhuq jLrUrI hY. sfl 2000 dy sLurU ivwc pMjfb dy rMgkrmIaF nfl
myry vwloN kIqIaF mulfkfqF dOrfn keI rMgkrmIaF (gursLrn isMG, ajmyr aOlK,
qrlocn isMG, hrkysL cODrI, hMsf isMG, sumn lqf afid) ny vfr vfr duhrfieaf
sI ik lokF dy pwDr `qy kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF nfl BfeIvflI pfey ibnF pMjfb
ivwc smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dI hoNd sMBv nhIN hY. ies dy nfl hI AuhnF df
ivcfr sI ik rMgmMc shfiek rol adf kr skdf hY, jdoN ik lokF nUM smfjk
qbdIlI ilafAux leI jQybMd krn df kMm lok pwDr `qy kMm krdIaF jQybMdIaF hI
kr skdIaF hn.
pr ies sMbMD ivwc keI rMgkrmI KdsLf jLfhr krdy hn. iehnF rMgkrmIaF df Kfs
krky ieh kihxf hY smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF dy nyqf Kfs krky
Kwby-pwKI jQybMdIaF dy nyqf, smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dIaF srgrmIaF df bxdf
muwl nhIN pfAuNdy aqy rMgmMc nUM afpxIaF mIitMgF leI BIV iekwTI krn df iek
jLrIaf mfqr smJdy hn. rMgkrmIaF df ieh KdsLf gMBIr hY aqy smfjk qbdIlI leI
kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF nUM ies bfry socxf cfhIdf hY. smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm
kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF vfsqy jLrUrI hY ik Auh rMgmMc dI aslIaq aqy ies dy rol
nUM shI qrHF smJx aqy ies df pUrf muwl pfAux. iPlpIn dy smfjk qbdIlI dy
rMgmMc ivwc kMm krdf iek adfkfr ies rol dI ies qrHF ivafiKaf krdf hY:
mUl rUp ivwc asIN, gly-sVy bsqIvfdI siBafcfr nUM lokF dy isrF ivwcoN
kwZx dI koisLsL kr rhy hF. aMdrly dusLmx nfl lV rhy hF. nvIN mfniskqf aqy
iensfP Biraf smfj pYdf krn leI sfzf rMgmMc iek inrxfiek hiQafr hY. asIN
afpxy lokF `qy asr pfAux vfly aslI msilaF nUM pysL krdy hF. asIN rvfieqI
aqy sQfnk siBafcfrk rUpF nUM AuqsLfihq krdy hF. asIN lokF nUM afpxy sfDnF
nfl zrfmy aqy gIq isrjxf isKfldy hF. asIN gruwp sQfpq krdy hF, ijhVy afpxy
afp ivwc bdlvyN lokqMqrI isrjfxqmk BfeIcfry bx jFdy hn. spsLt hY ik ies sB
kuJ smfj ivwc qbdIlIaF ilafAux leI cldy ienklfbI aml df hI ihwsf hY (Erven,
1992, p. 77)
.
Auprly ivcfr vtFdry ivwc smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dI iek rUp-ryKf idwqI geI
hY, ijhVI sfzy sfhmxy dunIaf ivwc ho rhy smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dI iek
spsLt qsvIr pysL krdI hY. vwzy smfjk aml df ihwsf huMidaF hoieaF, smfjk
qbdIlI df rMgmMc gqIsLIl hY aqy hr smyN bdl irhf hY. ies leI ies rUp-ryKf
nUM iek aijhI gfeIz smJxf cfhIdf hY ijhVI nf qF asiQr hY aqy nf hI abdl.
iPr vI smfjk qbdIlI dy rMgmMc dI afm smJ bxfAux leI Auprly ivcfr vtFdry dy
afDfr `qy ies rMgmMc dI hyTF idwqy nukiqaF anusfr pCfx kIqI jf skdI hY.
smfjk qbdIlI df rMgmMc:
* sLoisLq lokF dI ijLMdgI nfl sMbMDq msilaF aqy musLiklF nUM sMboDn huMdf
hY;
* sLoisLq lokF ivckfr iek BfeIcfrk sFJ pYdf krdf hY;
* sLoisLq lokF df AuhnF dI hkIkq vwl iDafn idvfAuNdf hY aqy ies hkIkq nUM
bdlx leI ZMgF aqy sfDnF dI Bfl krdf hY;
* sLoisLq lokF dy sLosLx nUM pysL krdf hY aqy ieh vI drsfAuNdf hY ik ieh
sLosLx smfj dy ZficaF aqy sMsQFvF nfl iks qrHF juiVaf hoieaf hY;
* lokF dI hkIkq nUM ieiqhfsk pRsMg ivwc dyKdf hY;
* isafsq nUM muKfqb hox qoN iJjkdf nhIN;
* ieiqhfs dI srkfrI pysLkfrI nUM cuxOqI idMdf hY;
* gLflb ivcfrDfrf nUM cuxOqI idMdf hY;
* lokF dIaF rvfieqF aqy imwQF dI vrqoN krdf hY, pr iehnF rvfieqF aqy imwQF
bfry aflocnfqmk njLrIaf rwKdf hY;
* ijMnf sMBv ho sky, lokF nUM rMgmMc dI isrjxf aqy pysLkfrI ivwc sLfml
krdf hY;
* sQfnk BfeIcfiraF dy isrjxfqmk aqy siBafcfrk vsIilaF df siqkfr krdf hY;
* AuhnF QFvF `qy Kyizaf jFdf hY, ijhVIaF QFvF lokF dI phuMc aqy kMtrol
aDIn hox;
* lokF dy ivq mUjb mMc smwgrI dI vrqoN krdf hY aqy aijhI rMgmMc smwgrI dI
vrqoN krdf hY ijhVI hflqF aqy nftk Kyzx vflIaF QFvF dy anukUl hovy;
* KLudmuKLqfr aqy afjLfd huMdf hY; aqy
* smfjk qbdIlI leI kMm krn vflIaF jQybMdIaF nfl sFJ pYdf krdf hY.
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gursLrn isMG, styt aqy QIeytr df irsLqf, mMcn 25, 47-50.
gursLrn isMG, bfbf boldf hY (prmjIq ZINgrf, srbjIq nfrMgvfl, aimRqpfl isMG
aqy divMdrpfl nfl kIqIaF ieMtrvIAU dy coxvyN aMsL), mMcn 25, 35-46.
sqIsL kumfr vrmf (1997), nftkkfrF nfl sMvfd, cMzIgVH: pMjfb sfihq akfdmI |