jfx-pCfx
drsLn isMG knyzIan: knyzf ivwc ds vrHy
sfDU ibinMg qy suKvMq huMdl
 

(drsLn isMG knyzIan bfry ieh lyK knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy ieiqhfs dI mhwqvpUrn kVI hY. ies ivwc Aus vloN pfey Xogdfn dy Auh pihlU sfhmxy ilaFdy gey hn jo eyQoN dy ieiqhfs ivwc Aus df aihm sQfn bxfAuNdy hn.

drsLn isMG afKrI vfr 1985 ivwc knyzf afey sn. Aus smyN zfktr hrI sLrmf, sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl qy mwKx tuwt ny AunHF nfl 18 GMty dI gwlbfq typ kIqI sI. ies lyK ivclI bhuqI jfxkfrI Aus mulfkfq AuWqy afDfrq hY. ies qoN ibnF XUnIvristI afP ib®itsL kolMbIaf ivwc sFBIaF purfxIaF aKbfrF aqy qsvIrF qoN kfPI mhwqvpUrn jfxkfrI p®fpq hoeI hY. ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zblXU ey) dy pyprF aqy PfeIlF ivwcoN vI kfPI shfieqf imlLI. ienHF soimaF qoN imlLI jfxkfrI ivwc aqy AunHF AuWqy afDfrq ies lyK ivwc kfPI kuJ ieho ijhf hY ijhVf pihlF pMjfbI ivwc AuplwbD nhIN sI.

pr ijhVI gwl ies ilKq nUM swB qoN vwD aihmIaq idMdI hY Auh hY ies lyK vfsqy kIqI drsLn isMG dy kuJ AunHF sfQIaF nfl gwlbfq jo Ausdy nfl kMm krdy rhy hn aqy ijnHF dy mnF ivwc Aus vfsqy aQfh siqkfr qy moh hY. ienHF ivwcoN ivsLysL hn: mOirs rwsL, eymIl ibErnsn, monf morgn, kryg pirct, kuldIp bYNs, hYrI rYNikn qy roafie mfh. afeI zblXU ey dy mOjUdf smyN dy kfrkunF vloN, Kfs kr klya pYrI vloN vI drsLn isMG dy jIvn nfl sbMDq kfPI jfxkfrI p®fpq hoeI.

ieh lyK sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl vloN sMn 200 ivwc ilKI ikqfb “sMGrsL dy sO vrHy: knyzf ivwc pMjfbI pRgqIsLIl lihr” dy ihwsy vwjoN iliKaf igaf hY. ies ivwc pysL jfxkfrI drsLn isMG dy knyzf ivwc huMidaF pfey Xogdfn dI pUrI qsvIr pysL nhIN krdI. knyzf ivwc Ausdy ds vrHy df jIvn afpxy afp ivwc vwKrI ikqfb dI mMg krdf hY.)

knyzf dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc 1920 qoN 1940 ivckfr vwzI pwDr dIaF aijhIaF srgrmIaF nhIN hoeIaF ijnHF ny kimAUintI AuWpr koeI sdIvI Cfp CwzI hovy. iesdf iewk kfrn pwCmI mulkF, qy Kfs kr AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc 1929 ivwc ipaf ivsLfl afriQk mMdvfVf (izprYsLn) vI sI. cOQy dhfky (1930-1940) dy pihly kuJ sflF dOrfn eyQy nOkrIaF dI axhoNd kfrn kfPI pMjfbI vfps dysL cly gey sn.
pr 1940ivaF dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan ny bI sI dI mjLdrU lihr aqy kimAUinst lihr ivwc bhuq hI inwgr aqy p®BfvsLflI kMm kIqf. Ausdy kMm df knyzf dI KwbI iDr dIaF srgrmIaF aqy pMjfbI kimAUintI dIaF smuwcIaF srgrmIaF ivwc iewk aihm QF bxdf hY. Ausdy kMm ny iewk pfsy eyQy vsdy pMjfbIaF dy jIvn dIaF hflqF nUM suDfrn leI Xogdfn pfieaf dUjy pfsy knyzf dy lokF, Kfs krky agFhvDU lokF, nfl sFJ pYdf krn ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. ies sFJ kfrn pMjfbIaF nUM ies mulk dI mjLdUr lihr ivwc iewk ivsLysL siqkfr aqy mfx imilaf aqy eyQy vDx Puwlx ivwc hmfieq hfsl hoeI. ies lyK ivwc asIN drsLn isMG knyzIan dy ies kMm nUM rIkfrz krn dI kosLsL krFgy. aijhf krn leI asIN knyzf ivwc AusdI irhfiesL dy ds virHaF, 1937 qoN 1947 qwk, dy vwK vwK pVfvF AuWqy kIqy kMmF df ijLkr krFgy.

knyzf ivwc afmd dy pihly vrHy

drsLn isMG 1937 ivwc knyzf afieaf. Aus vyly AusdI Aumr 19 virHaF dI sI. BfvyN Auh iewk ividafrQI dy qOr ’qy knyzf afieaf pr Ausdy eyDr nUM afAux dy kfrn afm pMjfbIaF vfly hI sn. Ausdy afpxy kihx muqfbk:

“myry iewQy afAux dy kfrn afm pMjfbIaF qoN koeI vwKry nhIN sn. Gr ivwc BuwK bhuq sI. iksy pfsy nUM inklxf hI sI. myrf bfp bhuq grIb iksfn sI. kuwl imlf ky cfr ku eykV jLmIn sI sfzI ipMz lMgyrI, qihsIl gVHsLMkr, ijLlHf huisLafrpur ivwc. Auh vI pMdrHF tukiVaF ivwc vMzI peI sI.”1

Aus vyly pMjfbIaF dI knyzf ivwc vsoN eynI ijLafdf nhIN sI. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy iswK BfeIcfry nfl sMbMD rwKdy sn. ieh knyzf dy pwCmI qwt dy sUby ib®itsL kolMbIaf ivwc rih ky lwkV dIaF imwlF ivwc kMm krdy sn. drsLn isMG vI pMjfb dy ipMz ivwcoN aqy iswK prvfr ivwcoN afieaf hox krky ienHF lokF ivwc Gul imlL igaf.
Aus ny pihlF hor pMjfbIaF vFg lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krnf sLurU kIqf. ies nfl AusnUM imwlF aqy lfigMg kYNpF ivwc kMm dIaF afm hflqF aqy Kfs kr gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkiraF nUM dyKx aqy smJx df mOkf imilaf. swB qoN pihlF Aus nUM vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWqy iewk pMjfbI imwl mflk kpUr isMG dI imwl ivwc kMm imilaf. Ausdf cfcf ies imwl ivwc kMm krdf sI ijsdI isPfirsL AuWqy AusnUM ieh nOkrI imlLI. pr ijs idn Auh kMm AuWqy lwgf, Aus idn hI Ausdy cfcy nUM kMm qoN htf idwqf igaf. ies Gtnf df ibafn drsLn isMG ienHF sLbdF ivwc krdf hY:

“ijwdx kpUr isMG ny mYnUM kMm AuWqy rwiKaf, cfcy nUM Ausy idn imwl coN CuwtI kr idwqI. cfcf kpUr isMG leI sLfied purfxf GoVf ho cuwkf sI. swT sfl df ibrD sI. Auh Auhny htf idwqf aqy AuhdI QF 20 sflF df nvF GoVf rwK ilaf.”2

Aus smyN imwlF ivwc gory kfimaF dy mukfbly gYr-gory kfimaF nUM qnKfh Gwt imldI sI. AunHF nUM nOkrI swB qoN mgroN idwqI jFdI aqy nOkrI qoN htfieaf swB qoN pihlF jFdf. imwlF ivwc gYr-gory lokF nUM kMm vI byhunrI mjLdUrI (ansiklz lybr) vfly hI idwqy jFdy. imwl ivwc iksy iksm dI msLInrI clfAux df kMm jF iksy iksm dI ijLMmyvfrI vflf kMm gYr-gory kfimaF nUM nhIN sI idwqf jFdf. eyQoN qwk ik ijhVIaF imwlF dy mflk Kud pMjfbI sn AunHF imwlF ivwc vI p®bMDkI (mYnyjmYNt) nOkrIaF aqy msLInrI clfAux vflIaF vwD qnKfh vflIaF nOkrIaF goiraF nUM hI idwqIaF jFdIaF sn.
kuwJ smF imwlF aqy lfigMg kYNpF ivwc kMm krn AuprMq drsLn isMG ny vYnkUvr siQq XUnIvristI afP ib®itsL kolMbIaf (XU bI sI) jfxf sLurU kIqf. eyQy hI Ausdf sMprk agFhvDU soc vfly ividafrQIaF nfl hoieaf aqy Auh XUnIvristI dI XMg kimAUinst lIg (vfeI sI aYl) df mYNbr bx igaf. drsLn isMG dy nfl isafsI kMm krn vfly Ausdy sfQI aqy dosq eyml ibErnsn dy dwsx anusfr, “drsLn isMG df swB qoN pihlF sMprk myry Brf ibwl ibErnsn nfl hoieaf jo Aus smyN XU bI sI ivwc ividafrQI sI aqy vfeI sI aYl (XMg kimAUinst lIg) df lIzr sI.”3 ies smyN dOrfn drsLn isMG ny afpxI XUnIvristI dI pVHfeI nfloN vI vwD smF mfrksvfdI sfihq pVHn vfl lfieaf. Aus dy afpxy kihx anusfr AuhnUM XUnIvristI dy mjLmUnF dI eynI smJ nhIN sI pYNdI pr isafsI sfihq aqy Kfs kr mfrksvfdI sfihq pVHn aqy smJx ivwc AusnUM kdI koeI musLkl nhIN sI pysL afAuNdI.
XUnIvristI ivwc ijwQy Ausdf sMprk agFhvDU lokF nfl lgfqfr vwD irhf sI AuQy Auh afpxy BfeIcfry dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc vI vwD cVH ky ihwsf lYNdf. vYnkUvr dy sYikMz aYvinAU vfly ieiqhfsk gurdvfry ivwc Auh aksr Bfrq dI ajLfdI nfl sbMDq msilaF AuWpr boldf. afpxy lokF ivwc Auh kfPI hrmn ipafrf ho irhf sI. iswty vjoN Auh srkfr dIaF njLrF ivwc rVkx lwgf aqy iemIgrysLn vfilaF Aus ivruwD jfxkfrI iekwqr krnI sLurU kr idwqI. iemIgrysLn vfilaF AusnUM pVHfeI vfsqy cfhIdy pYisaF leI kMm krn dI iejfjLq nf idwqI. Ausny vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWqy jf ky corIN kMm krn dI kosLsL kIqI pr imwlF vfilaF kol vI Aus bfry jfxkfrI phuMc cuwkI sI aqy AusnUM kMm nf imilaf. Auh muV Pyr XUnIvristI vfps jfx lwg ipaf. pr kol pYsy nhIN sn so ies krky pVHfeI jLfrI rwKxI sMBv nhIN sI.
kuJ dosqF dI slfh nfl drsLn aqy iewk hor dosq bI sI Cwz ky nfl dy sUby albrtf ivwc kMm dI Bfl krn cly gey. Aus dosq df nFa sohx isMG sI pr kMm krn dI iejfjLq nf hox kfrn Ausny afpxf nFa lfB isMG rwK ilaf aqy drsLn isMG ny afpxf nFa rfm cMdr rwiKaf. Auh aYzmMtn dy AuWqr vwl koeI iqMn sO mIl qoN vI vwD Pfsly AuWqy ivnPIlz nFa dy sLihr qoN cflI pMjfh mIl bfhr jMgl ivwc bxI hoeI mYkzUgl nFa dI imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg pey. AuWQy pihlF iewk hor pMjfbI vI kMm krdf sI ijs df nFa hjLfrf isMG grcf sI. Auh 1926 df knyzf afieaf hoieaf sI aqy Ausny eyQoN aYm aYs sI kIqI hoeI sI pr nslI ivqkry kfrn Aus nUM koeI nOkrI nhIN sI imlI. ijwQy Auh rih rhy sn AuWQy brP bhuq pYNdI sI aqy kMm dIaF hflqF bhuq aOKIaF sn. drsLn isMG ny, jo afpxy dUjy do BfrqI sfQIaF nfl grIn cyn AuWpr rfq dI isLPt ivwc kMm krdf sI, Aus QF df cyqf kridaf ikhf, “bfkI QfhF dy tfkry AuWqy Aus QF nUM swcmuwc hI knyzf df nrk ikhf jf skdf hY.”4
ies qoN bfad Aus ny bI sI dy AuWqrI ielfky dIaF kuJ hor imwlF ivwc kMm kIqf. ies smyN dOrfn jdoN pirMs jfrj nyVy ibMz nFa dy Coty ijhy tfAUn ivwc kMm kr irhf sI qF AusnUM pqf lwgf ik vYnkUvr ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy kuwJ afgUaF ny gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF ivwcoN kuwJ iewk dy kysF vfsqy zfktr pFzIaf nFa dy BfrqI ipCokV dy vkIl nUM kys dI pYrvfeI krn vfsqy awgy kIqf hY. bysLwk Aus smyN bI sI ivwc pMjfbIaF dI igxqI kfPI QoVHI sI pr Aus ivwcoN vI qkrIbn iqMn sO qoN AuWpr pMjfbI gYr-kfnUMnI rih rhy sn. zfktr pFzIey dIaF srgrmIaF bfry pqf lwgx AuWqy drsLn isMG aqy kuJ hor bMdy vYnkUvr af gey. vYnkUvr af ky AunHF ny afpxy vrgyy hor gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF nfl sMprk kIqf. iPr iewk kmytI bxfeI geI ijsdy ijLMmy ies kys vfsqy pYs iekwTy krn df kMm lwgf. drsLn isMG anusfr, “asIN vYnkUvr afeIlYNz ivwc GuMm ky cfr sO zflr iekwTf krky zfktr pFzIey nUM idwqf.”5 gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF dy kysF nUM kimAUintI vloN iekwTy ho ky lVn nfl 1939 ivwc BfrqIaF dI iemIgrysLn dy kys ivwc ijwq hoeI aqy iqMn sO qoN vwD pMjfbI ieWQy kfnUMnI qOr AuWqy rihx Xog ho gey.

jLbrI POjI BrqI leI icwTI

drsLn isMG df iemIgrysLn df mslf hwl hox bfad Auh kpUr isMG dI imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg ipaf. pr ies smyN dUjI sMsfr jMg iCV cuwkI hox krky pMjfbI kimAUintI leI aqy drsLn isMG dy jIvn dI iewk hor aihm Gtnf GtI. Aus nUM kimAUintI ivwcoN swB qoN pihlF POj dI jLbrI BrqI (knskirpsLn) vfsqy icwTI af geI. Pyr iewk hor grIbU nFa dy pMjfbI nOjvfn nUM vI BrqI dI icwTI imlI. kimAUintI ivwc ies bfry kfPI BKvF ivvfd iCV ipaf. knyzf ivcly BfrqIaF df kihxf sI ik jy sfnUM ieh ies mulk ivwc pUry hwk nhIN dyxy cfhuMdy qF sfzy koloN lVn dI iks qrHF afs rwK skdy hn. Xfd rhy ik Aus vkq BfrqIaF nUM eyQy vot pfAux df hwk hfsl nhIN sI aqy ijs dy PlsrUp bfkI sLihrIaF vfly hwk vI p®fpq nhIN sn. vYnkUvr dI BfrqI kimAUintI ny ies sMbMDI gurdvfry ivwc mqf pfs kIqf ik jy sfnUM POj ivwc lY ky jfxf hY qF sfnUM brfbr dy hwk dyvo.
pr drsLn isMG vfsqy Aus smyN POrI mslf ieh sI ik BrqI hoieaf jfvy jF Pyr Prfr ho ky BgOiVaF vflI lukx iCpx vflI ijLMdgI ibqfeI jfvy. Ausdy kihx muqfbk Aus ny kfPI lokF nfl ies sMbMDI slfh msLvrf kIqf aqy aKIr BrqI hox df PYslf kr ilaf. Ausdy nfl kMm krn vfly Ausdy dosq kuldIp bYNs dy dwsx anusfr: “mYN drsLn nUM ikhf, ieh afrmI tryinMg ivwcoN qUy kI Kwt lvyNgf? qF Ausdf jvfb sI, “kI pqf jIvn ’c kdoN afrmI tryinMMg kMm af jfvy.” drsLn smJdf sI ik POjI isKlfeI Ausdy afpxy ienklfb dy kMm ivwc vI shfeI hovygI.”6 ies qoN ieh gwl kfPI sfP ho jFdI hY ik CotI Aumr ivwc hI drsLn isMG knyzIan ny afpxy afp nUM smfijk qbdIlI vfsqy loVINdy ienklfb leI iqafr kr ilaf sI.
POjI isKlfeI bI sI dy sLihr vrnn ivwc idwqI jfxI sI. drsLn isMG AuWQy cfr mhIny irhf. goiraF ivwc isKlfeI lYx vflf Auh iekwlf hI BfrqI sI. afpxy POjI isKlfeI dy idnF nUM drsLn isMG ies qrHF Xfd krdf hY:

“mYN kwlf hI ihMdusqfnI sI bfkI sfry gory sn. AuWQy qF Pyr ijdF huMdf hI hY. ibgl vwjdy sI. AuWT ky mUyh Doxf aqy Bwj pYxf. iewDr p®yz, AuWDr p®yz, kdI pyt dy bwl clo, goizaF Bfr cwlo, bMdUk clfAuxI iswKo.[[[ goiraF dIaF sfrIaF gflHF mYN AudoN hI iswKIaF. qVky sfrjMt ny af ky dbkf mfrnf - hy XU bfstrzjL, sn afP ibcjLs, sitl lfieMg dyar, gYWt afp XU[[[” 7

Bfrq vfps jfx dI koisLsL

POjI isKlfeI cfr mhIny dI sI aqy pwkI nOkrI vfsqy icwTI bfad ivwc afAuxI sI. drsLn isMG muV af ky imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg ipaf. Aus vfsqy ieh smF kfPI AulJn vflf sI. ies gwl nUM qF sfry BfrqI smJdy sn ik ieh lVfeI goiraF dI sI. drsLn isMG nUM ies gwl dI vI soJI af cuwkI sI ik sfmrfjvfd kI huMdf hY aqy gulfmI kI huMdI hY. Aus ivwc dysL BgqI df jjLbf vI pUrI qrHF jfg cuwikaf sI aqy Auh smJdf sI ik asl kMm qF goiraF nUM ihMdusqfn ivwcoN bfhr kwZx df hY. Aus vkq Aus ny PYslf kr ilaf ik goiraF dI POj ivwc mrn nfloN ikAuN nf afpxy dysL vfps jf ky ajLfdI dI lVfeI ivwc ihwsf ilaf jfvy. ies ierfdy nfl Auh jUn 1940 ivwc Bfrq nUM jfx leI jhfjL cVH igaf. rfh ivwc jdoN Ausdf jhfjL tokIE, jfpfn Tihiraf qF AuWQy Auh kuJ idn iewk aBI cMdfnI nFa dy isMDI BfrqI kol irhf. AuWQoN AuhnUM pqf lwgf ik kuJ isMDI aqy pMjfbI lok ijhVy kuJ dyr pihlF Bfrq vwl gey sn AunHF nUM goiraF ny hFgkFg ivwc PV ilaf sI aqy jylH ivwc bMd kr idwqf sI. ies gwl dy pqf lwgx AuWqy drsLn isMG tokIE qoN hI muV ky knyzf af igaf.
vfps af ky Aus ny vYnkUvr dy afs pfs kMm Bflx dI kosLsL kIqI pr koeI kMm nf imilaf. Pyr AuhnUM ivktorIaf ivwc islkrk lMbr kMpnI, ijs df mflk iewk pMjfbI sI, ivwc kMm imlL igaf. agly pMj Cy sfl Aus ny ies imwl ivwc hI kMm kIqf. afpxy ies kMm dOrfn drsLn isMG nUM knyzf dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy mjLdUrF dy kMm dIaF hflqF, kMmF AuWpr gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkry nUM jfxn df mOkf imilaf.

kimAUinst pfrtI aqy tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm

ijvyN pihlF ijLkr kIqf jf cuwkf hY ik XU bI sI ivwc afpxI pVHfeI dOrfn drsLn isMG XMg kimAUinst lIg nfl sbMDq dUjy ividafrQIaF dy sMprk ivwc afieaf. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dy sfry smyN dOrfn Auh kimAUinst pfrtI nfl juiVaf irhf. Aus vloN mYNbr bxn ipwCy iewk kfrn ieh vI sI ik Aus smyN kimAUinst pfrtI knyzf ivwc BfrqI lokF dy hwkF df zwt ky smrQn krdI sI. afpxI sUJ aqy p®iqbwDqf nfl jldI hI Aus ny pfrtI ivwc iewk mhwqvpUrn QF bxf leI. pfrtI vloN drsLn isMG ny knyzf Br ivwc lYkcr tUr kIqy. ienHF lYkcrF ivwc ijwQy Auh pfrtI dy eyjMzy bfry gwl bfq krdf AuWQy nfl nfl Auh knyzIan mjLdUrF ivwc dUjIaF kimAUintIaF dy mjLdUrF p®qI pey BulyiKaF nUM dUr krdf. pfrtI ivwc afpxy leI mhwqvpUrn QF bxfAux ivwc kfmXfb hox df rfj ieh sI ik drsLn isMG iewk bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI aqy Ausdy iKaflF ivwc spwsLtqf sI. sfrI Aumr tryz XUnIan ivwc srgrm rihx vfly aqy drsLn isMG nfl imlL ky kimAUinst pfrtI ivwc kMm krn vfly kryg pirct df kihxf hY:

“drsLn isMG ny pfrtI ivwc aqy XUnIan ivwc bhuq aihm rol inBfieaf. ies df muwK kfrn ieh sI ik Auh iewk bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI. aMgryjLI jLbfn ivwc AusnUM kmfl dI muhfrq hfsl sI. XUnIvristI piVHaf hox krky Auh afpxIaF ilKqF ivwc bVf spfsLt huMdf sI aqy hmysLF afpxI gwl kihx ivwc kfmXfb huMdf sI.”8

Aus vyly BfrqI kimAUintI ivwcoN drsLn isMG dy nfl kuldIp isMG bYNs aqy rqn isMG vI pfrtI dy mYNbr sn. drsLn isMG anusfr kimAUintI ivwc KwbI isafsq df eynf ijLafdf asr nhIN sI aqy Bfrq ivclI isafsq dy asr Qwly lok vMzy hoey sn. pr kimAUintI nUM drpysL bhuq sfry msilaF ijvyN ik nslI ivqkrf, brfbr dy hwk, Bfrq dI ajLfdI leI hmdrdI, mjLdUr vrg dI luwt Ksuwt aqy Gwt igxqI mjLdUrF dI ivsLysL luwt, afid msilaF AuWpr Kwby-pwKI lokF df stYNz bVf spwsLt sI. drsLn isMG aqy Ausdy sfQIaF vloN imwlF ivwc XUnIan jQybMd krn dy aml rfhIN hOlI hOlI Kwby pwKI isafsq dy ivcfr kimAUintI dy lokF qwk phuMcx lwgy aqy lokF dy rvweIey ivwc kuJ kuJ qbdIlI afAux lwgI.
ies hI smyN dOrfn (1940 ivwc) lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm dIaF hflqF aqy qnKfhF dI dsLf suDfrn vfsqy mjLdUrF ivwc hOlI hOlI jfgrqI afAuxI sLurU ho geI. vYnkUvr dy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zblXU ey) lwkV dIaF imwlF ivwc jQybMd hoxI sLurU ho geI. pr ajy ieh vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWpr afpxy pYr itkfAux ivwc kfmXfb nhIN sI hoeI. afeI zblXU ey amrIkf ivwc jMmI plI XUnIan sI. ieh Aus vyly amrIkf dy kimAUinstF vloN jQybMd kIqI geI sI aqy iesdI AuWprlI lIzrisLfp ivwc kimAUinst hI BfrU sn. knyzf ivwc vI ies nUM sQfpq krn vfly lok kimAUinst pfrtI dy hI kfmy sn. Aus vyly dIaF dUjIaF XUnIanF ijvyN KfxF, mYtl vrkjL, aqy isLwp Xfrz, lFgsLoarmYn, ivwc vI kimAUinstF df bhuq p®Bfv sI. Aus vyly dy msLhUr kimAUinst lIzr nfeIjl morgn aqy hYrlz pirct bI sI ivwc afeI zblXU ey nUM sQfpq krn vfsqy kMm kr rhy sn.
drsLn isMG pfrtI df mYNbr hox krky pfrtI dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc pUrf ihwsf lYNdf sI aqy Ausdf aksr ivktorIaf qoN vYnkUvr afAuxf jfxf rihMdf sI. aijhy hI iewk mOky jdoN Auh pfrtI dy iksy kMm vYnkUvr afieaf hoieaf sI aqy pYNzr strIt dy iewk ssqy ijhy hotl ivwc Tihiraf hoieaf sI qF pfrtI dy lIzr nfeIjl morgn ny Aus nfl ivsLysL mIitMg kIqI. nfeIjl morgn ny drsLn isMG nUM dwisaf ik pfrtI vloN lwkV dI snaq dy mjLdUrF nUM afeI zblXU ey ivwc jQybMd krn dI kosLsL iewk muihMm dy qOr AuWqy clfeI jf rhI hY. Ausny ikhf ik ies kMm ivwc iewk ivsLysL musLkl AunHF nUM ieh af rhI hY ik Auh jpfnI, cIny aqy BfrqI mjLdUrF qwk nhIN phuMc pf rhy. Auhny ikhf ik jy asIN goiraF nUM jQybMd kr vI leIey qF vI gwl awD ivcfly hI rih jFdI hY. ies krky AunHF nUM drsLn isMG dI mdd dI Kfs qOr AuWqy jLrUrq sI. ies qrHF afeI zbilAU ey dy lIzr nfeIjl mOrgn ny drsLn isMG nUM XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df swdf idwqf. Aus ny ieh swdf svIkfr krky knyzf dI tryz XUnIan lihr ivwc afpxI srgrmI dI sLurUafq kIqI. agly ijMny vrHy Auh knyzf ivwc irhf srgrmI nfl pfrtI dy kMmF dy nfl nfl XUnIan df iewk srgrm jQybMdk irhf.

XUnIan jQybMdI df kMm

drsLn isMG ny 1941 ivwc BfrqIaF ivwc XUnIan jQybMd krn df kMm sLurU kIqf. Aus smyN BfrqI lokF ivwc XUnIan df bhuqf p®Bfv nhIN sI. iesdy keI kfrn sn. BfrqI mjLdUr ipClIaF irsLqydfrIaF aqy ielfkybfjLIaF krky bhuq vfrI imwl mflkF nfl nyVqf rwKdy sn. bhuqy BfrqI mjLdUr ipMzF ivwcoN jF kuJ dyr POj ivwc nOkrI kr ky afey sn AunHF vfsqy XUnIan df ivcfr iewk nvIN gwl sI. dUjf jo kuJ AunHF ny XUnIan sMbMDI iewDr sux rwiKaf sI Auhdy nfl AunHF dy mnF aMdr XUnIan sMbMDI anykF iksmF dy zr vws gey sn. AuWqrI amrIkf dy bfkI ihwisaF vFg bI sI ivwc vI ies sdI dy pihly dhfikaF dOrfn snaq dy vwKry vwKry iKwiqaF ivwc mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vfilaF AuWpr bVf qsLwdd huMdf irhf sI. imwl mflkF dy guMizaF vloN jF pulIs vloN mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vfilaF nUM DmkIaF dyxIaF AunHF dI mfr kutfeI kr dyxI afm gwl sI. mflkF aqy pulIs vloN imlL ky XUnIan dy bMidaF nUM JUTy kysF ivwc Psf dyxf aqy sjfvF krvf dyxIaF. aqy ijLafdf asr rsUK vfly XUnIan afrgynfeIjLrF dI hwiqaf krn qwk GtnfvF ho jFdIaF sn. XUnIan dy ies iksm dy qjrby dIaF khfxIaF BfrqI mjLdUrF ny vI suxIaF hoeIaF sn aqy AunHF dy mnF aMdr keI iksm dy zr aqy vihm vVy hoey sn. pr drsLn dy dwsx anusfr dUjI vwzI lVfeI dOrfn aqy ies qoN bfad hflfq eyny mfVy nhIN sn. ies df iewk vwzf kfrn ieh sI ik Aus vyly mjLdUrF dI kfPI Gft sI. pr iPr vI BfrqI lokF ivwc XUnIan jQybMd krn leI jLrUrI sI ik lokF dy mnF ivwcoN ies qrHF dy ivcfrF aqy sMisaF nUM kwiZaf jfvy. ienHF ivcfrF nUM dUr krn leI Aus ny BfrqI lokF nUM XUnIan dy PfieidaF aqy kMmF AuWqy gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkiraF bfry jfxU krfAuxf sLurU kIqf.
Aus ny pihlF vYnkUvr afeIlYNz dIaF imwlF ivwc, ijwQy ihMdusqfnI lok ijLafdf igxqI ivwc kMm krdy sn, jf ky jQybMdI df kMm sLurU kIqf. swB qoN pihlF Aus ny myE dI imwl ivwc mjLdUrF nfl qfl myl kIqf. ies imwl ivwc Aus vyly ZfeI ku sO bMdf kMm krdf sI. Aus ivwc cflI pMjfh gory sn jo sikwlz kMmF AuWpr sn ijvyN afry clfAux afid dy kMm aqy bfkI Pwty iKwcx vrgy kMmF AuWpr cIny aqy BfrqI kfmy sn. sLurU sLurU ivwc drsLn isrP jfxy pihcfxy agFhvDU soc rwKx vfly bMidaF nfl hI gwl bfq krdf. hOlI hOlI 1942-43 ivwc jf ky kuJ KuwlHIaF mIitMgF vgYrf krn qwk gwl phuMcI.
mjLdUrF nfl XUnIan bfry gwlbfq krnI musLkl sI. vwzI musLkl sI ik ieh gwlbfq ikwQy kIqI jfvy. mjLdUr bMk hfAUsF ivwc rihMdy sn ijhVy aksr imwl dy njLdIk hI imwl mflk dI p®fprtI ivwc huMdy sn. AuWQy gwlbfq krnI sMBv nhIN sI huMdI. kimAUintI dI imlx vflI QF gurdvfry hI sn aqy Auh QF XUnIan dy kMmF vfsqy nhIN sI vrqI jf skdI ikAuNik gurdvfiraF ivwc imwl mflkF df ijLafdf asr rsUK huMdf sI. so XUnIan dI gwlbfq mjLdUrF nfl luk iCp ky krnI pYNdI sI. pr ijvyN ijvyN mjLdurF ivwc drsLn dy kMm df asr viDaf Auh kfPI vwzI pwDr AuWqy KuwlHIaF mIitMgF krn ivwc vI kfmXfb hox lwgf.

(drsLn isMG knyzIan imwl kfimaF nfl[)

sMn 1945 ivwc vfprI iewk Gtnf ies siQqI nUM drsfAux ivwc shfeI ho skdI hY. drsLn isMG vloN XUbo dy mjLdUrF nfl AunHF dy bMk hfAUs ivwc iewk mIitMg kIqI jf rhI sI. AuWproN imwl df suprzYNt af igaf. Aus ny mIitMg AuWqy ikMqU kIqf aqy drsLn nUM AuWQoN afpxI kfr ivwc ibTf ky kuJ dUr afpxy dPqr ivwc lY igaf. Auh drsLn nUM AuWQoN cly jfx nUM kih irhf sI. jdoN drsLn aqy suprzYNt bihs krdy dPqr ivwcoN bfhr inkly qF dyiKaf ik dPqr dy bfhr swT swqr mjLdUr vrdy mINh ivwc KVHy sn. mjLdUrF ny iewk afvfjL ivwc suprzYNt nUM ikhf ik jy drsLn eyQoN jfvygf qF asIN vI Auhdy nfl hI cly jfvFgy. ieh sux ky suprzYNt Gbrf igaf ikAuNik jy eyny sfry kfmy ieko smyN cly jfx qF dUjy idn imwl cwlxI sMBv nhIN sI. suprzYNt ny drsLn isMG nUM dobfrf kfr ivwc bYTf ky bMk hfAUs ivwc Cwz idwqf. BfrqI mjLdUrF dy idlF ivwc ies gwl df bhuq vDIaf asr ipaf. AunHF ny mihsUs kIqf ik AunHF ny koeI mhwqvpUrn ijwq ijwqI hY. ies Gtnf bfry afly duafly dIaF imwlF ivwc vI gwl PYl geI. hr pfsy BfrqI mjLdUrF ny iewk vwKrI iksm df afqm ivsLvfs mihsUs kIqf.9
drsLn isMG df afeI zblXU ey ivwc kMm isrP pMjfbI mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn qwk hI sImq nhIN sI. ijvyN pihlF ikhf igaf hY ik Auh pMjfbI ivwc hI nhIN aMgryjLI ivwc vI bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI. Auh ivktorIaf lokl df rIkfrizMg skwqr sI aqy izstirkt kfAUNsl df trwstI. Aus ny bI sI dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krn vfly sfry mjLdUrF nUM afpxI isafsI sUJ aqy spwsLt ivcfrF nfl p®Bfvq kIqf aqy AunHF nUM afpxy ivcly rMgF, nslF dy pey PrkF nUM imtf ky sFJy insLfny leI iewk lVI ivwc jQybMd hox leI p®yiraf. kryg pirct anusfr “afeI zblXU ny KwbI isafsq qoN imlI sUJ vrq ky mflkF dIaF AunHF cflF nUM ipCfiVaf ijnHF nfl Auh kfimaF nUM afps ivwc pfV ky rwKdy sn. aqy ies kMm ivwc ivsLysL qOr AuWqy ihwsf pfAux vfly sn drsLn isMG.”10
bI sI dI afeI zblXU dy ieiqhfs ivwc 1946 ivwc hoeI hVqfl nUM PYslfkuMn hVqfl mMinaf jFdf hY. ieh hVqfl 15 meI, 1946 nUM sLurU hoeI aqy sYNqI idnF mgroN lwkV dI snaq dy kfimaF dI vwzI ijwq nfl Kqm hoeI. awT GMty dy idn df hwk, qnKfh ’c vfDf, nsl afDfrq nfbrfbrqf df Kfqmf aqy hor anykF mhwqvpUrn ijwqF ies hVqfl nfl p®fpq hoeIaF. ies hVqfl nfl bI sI ivwc afeI zblXU ey afpxy pwky pYrF AuWqy ho geI. ies hVqfl qwk XUnIan nUM iqafr krn ivwc drsLn isMG ny XUnIan dy moZI lIzrF ijvyN nfeIjl morgn, hYrlz pirct aqy arnI zflskOg afid nfl imlL ky mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. hVqfl Kqm hox AuWqy XUnIan vloN inAUvYst ivwc iewk vwzI mIitMg kIqI geI. Aus mIitMg ivwc cfr hjLfr XUnIan df mYNbr sLfml sI. drsLn isMG Aus mIitMg dy bulfiraF ivwcoN iewk muwK bulfrf sI. Aus ny hVqfl dOrfn ijwqIaF mhwqvpUrn ijwqF sMbMDI irport pysL kIqI.
eysy sfl (1946) dy sLurU ivwc knyzIan lybr kfAUNsl (sI aYl sI) df ajlfs trFto ivwc hoieaf. drsLn isMG ny Aus ivwc bI sI dy iewk zYlIgyt dy qOr AuWqy sLmUlIaq kIqI. knvYnsLn ivwc Aus ny knyzf Br ivwc tryz XUnIan dI eykqf bfry iewk mqf pysL kIqf jo Aus vyly afpxy afp ivwc iewk aihm mqf sI. drsLn isMG vloN pysL kIqy mqy dI sfzy vfsqy iewk vwKrI iksm dI mhwqqf hY. ieh qwQ sfnUM ies gwl df aihsfs krfAuNdf hY ik drsLn isMG ny mjLdUr lihr ivwc afpxf Xogdfn isrP bI sI pwDr AuWqy hI nhIN sgoN knyzf dI pwDr AuWqy vI pfieaf.
iesy qrHF hI sfl 1946 ivwc drsLn bI sI dy nfl lwgdy sUby albrtf ivwc afeI zbilAu ey df p®cfr krn igaf. ies dOry qoN vfps af ky drsLn isMG ny XUnIan dI aKbfr ivwc afpxy ivcfr ilKy. Ausdy ieh ivcfr 4 nvMbr 1946 dy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwcly Ausdy lyK, albrtf vrkrjL vYlkm afeI zblXU ey ivwc Cpy.11 drsLn isMG Aus vyly afeI zblXU ey df ieMtrnYsLnl trwstI sI. ies lyK ivwc drsLn ny albrtf dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF dI kMm dIaF hflqF, Gwt qnKfhF aqy kfimaF dy rihx vfly kYNpF ivwc mfVIaF hflqF df ijLkr kIqf hY. iesdy nfl hI Ausny afs bJfeI hY ik afeI zbilAU ey CyqIN ienHF kfimaF nUM jQybMd krn ivwc kfmXfb ho jfvygI. Auh ilKdf hY, “ieh isrP QoVy smyN dI hI gwl hY ik albrtf dy hjLfrF kfmy afeI zbilAU ey ivwc sLfml ho jfxgy aqy (afpxy leI) cMgIaF qnKfhF, kMm dy Gwt GMty, kMm krn aqy rihx dIaF cMgIaF hflqF aqy nOkrI dI surwiKaf ijwqx ivwc kfmXfb ho jfxgy.”12
ies lyK dy sLurU ivwc aKbfr dy aYzItr qy msLhUr kimAUinst lIzr nfeIjl morgn ny drsLn isMG bfry iewk Cotf ijhf sMpfdkI not iliKaf hY. ieh not albrtf ivwc afeI zbilAU ey leI drsLn dy kMm dI mhwqqf bfry cfnxf pfAuNdf hY. ies not ivwc Aus ny iliKaf hY: “brwdr drsLn isMG huxy ijhy pUrbI sUby albrtf dy tUr qoN vfps afieaf hY ijwQy Auh albrtf dy lwkV dI snaq dy kfimaF aqy afeI zblXU ey ivwc eykqf kfiem krn vfsqy p®BfvsLflI kMm krdf irhf hY.”13

(drsLn isMG knyzIan XUnIan dIaF mIitMgF ivwc)

lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm kr rhy smuwcy mjLdUrF qwk phuMc kr skx dI Xogqf kfrx drsLn isMG ny afeI zbilAU ey ivwc iewk mhwqvpUrn QF bxf leI sI. Ausdy nfl kMm krn vfly sfQIaF dy ibafn ies gwl dI gvfhI Brdy hn. Audfhrn leI, cInI kimAUintI ivwcoN afeI zbilAU nfl Aus smyN XUnIan afrgynfeIjr df kMm kr cuwky imstr ruafey mfh ny ikhf ik Auhdy mukfbly AuWqy drsLn isMG df rol bhuq ijLafdf sI. AunHF df kihxf hY ik “mYN qF isrP iewk afrgynfeIjLr hI sF pr drsLn isMG keI vrHy izstrikt kfAUNsl df trwstI irhf sI aqy AuWprlI lIzrisLfp df ihwsf sI.”14 eysy qrHF monf morgn aqy eymIl ibErnsn df kihxf hY ik drsLn isMG ny afpxI isafsI cyqnf nfl eyQoN dI mjLdUr lihr ivwc ijLkrXog Xogdfn pfieaf hY. afeI zbilAU ey dy mOjUdf rIjnl zfierYktr imstr klya pYrI df kihxf hY ik “drsLn isMG myrI XUnIan df isLMgfr sI, Auh mnuwKqf df isLMgfr sI.”15 drsLn isMG dy sfQIaF vloN imlI ies jfxkfrI dI pusLtI krdIaF hn anykF Auh gruwp qsvIrF jo smyN smyN dI bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc CpdIaF rhIaF hn. Audfhrn vjoN iewk qsvIr jo mfrc 8, 1943 dy lMbr vrkr dy muwK sPy AuWqy CpI hY, df ijLkr kIqf jf skdf hY. ies qsvIr ivwc bI sI dI pwDr dy afeI zblXU ey dy 3 mfrc, 1943 nUM cuxy gey ds aOhdydfr bYTy hn ijnHF ivwc hornF dy nfl sLfml hn hYrlz pirct, arnI zflskOg, ihaflmr brgrn, nfeIjl morgn aqy drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan). qsvIrF dy nfl nfl Ausdy vwzmuwly Xogdfn dy sbUq vjoN Auh lyK dyKy jf skdy hn jo kimAUinst pfrtI dy aKbfr pYisiPk it®ibAUn aqy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc smyN smyN Cpdy rhy. ienHF lyKF ivwc Aus ny mjLdUr lihr dy msilaF dy nfl nfl aMqrrfsLtrI smwisafvF AuWpr aqy Bfrq dI ajLfdI AuWpr ivcfr pysL kIqy.

Bfrq dI ajLfdI bfry bolxf

knyzf dI kimAUinst pfrtI aqy mjLdUr lihr ivwc afpxy kMm dOrfn drsLn isMG ny knyzf dy mjLdUrF aqy agFhvDU lokF nUM Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy GolL bfry jfxU krvf ky AunHF ivwc Bfrq dI ajLfdI leI cyqnf ilafAux df kMm vI kIqf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1942 ivwc trFto ivKy hoeI kimAUinst pfrtI dI knvYnsLn ivwc knyzf Br ivwcoN 400 qoN AuWpr zYlIgyt afey hoey sn. drsLn isMG ny Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy hwk ivwc mqf rwiKaf ijsnUM smuwcI knvYnsLn ny bhuq hI AuqsLfh nfl KVHy ho ky p®vfngI idwqI. iesy qrHF vYnkUvr ivwc nvMbr 1944 ivwc hoeI afeI zblXU ey dI awTvIN ieMtrnYsLnl knvYnsLn ivwc Ausny Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy hwk ivwc aijhf hI iewk hor mqf rwiKaf jo srbsmqI nfl pfs kIqf igaf. ies mqy bfry bI sI lMbr vrkr dy nvMbr 6, 1944 dy aMk ivwc muwK pMny AuWqy drsLn isMG dI qsvIr smyq Kbr CpI ijsdf isrlyK sI: “drsLn isMG suport XUintI”. ies mqy AuWqy bolidaF drsLn isMG ny ikhf: “Bfrq nUM ajLfdI imlx qoN ibnF iksy iksm dI sLFqI sMBv nhIN. PfisLjLm aqy sfmrfjvfd do juVvyN Brf hn ijnHF nUM inKyiVaf nhIN jf skdf. [[[ asIN sfmrfjvfd nUM surwiKaq krn vfsqy nhIN lV rhy BfvyN ieh sfmrfjvfd zwc, PrFsIsI, amrIkn, brqfnIaf jF iksy vI hor df hovy.”16

vot dy hwk leI sMGrsL ivwc Xogdfn

jdoN pihly pMjfbIaF ny knyzf dy sUby bI sI ivwc rihxf sLurU kIqf qF AunHF kol vot df hwk sI jo 1907 ivwc Koh ilaf igaf. afpxI ihMmq nfl aqy ibnF iksy bfhrlI iemdfd dy, knyzf ivwc vsdy pMjfbI lgfqfr ies hwk Kfqr jwdo-jihd krdy rhy. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan ny ies jwdo-jihd ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy dUsry lokF/lIzrF dy nfl nfl iewk mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfieaf. Auh BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot dy hwk leI bI sI dI srkfr nUM imlx vfly bhuqy zYlIgysLnF df mYNbr irhf. vot dy hwk leI Ausdf vwzf Xogdfn bI sI dI mjLdUr lihr, KwbI lihr aqy hor agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vloN BfrqI lokF dy ies sMGrsL leI hmfieq hfsl krnf sI. ieh iewk kfrn sI ik drsLn isMG knyzIan dI knyzf ivwc irhfiesL dOrfn vot dy hwk dI jwdo-jihd (1942-1947) afpxy isKr AuWqy sI. sfzf ieh ivcfr pysL krn qoN ieh Bfv nhIN ik ies msly sMbMDI kimAUintI dy dUjy lokF aqy jQybMdIaF vloN kIqIaF koisLsLF df ies ivwc koeI hwQ nhIN sI. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy skwqr nigMdr isMG igwl ny vI bfhrlI kimAUintI nfl iewk nvIN pwDr AuWqy qflmyl pYdf krn ivwc vwzf ihwsf pfieaf. nfl hI zfktr pFzIaf jo ies jwdo-jihd ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI leI kMm kr irhf sI ny vI vwzf Xogdfn pfieaf. pr ijs kdr jQybMd mjLdUr aqy isafsI hlikaF ivwc aqy afm lok rfey nUM p®Bfvq krn ivwc drsLn isMG ny rol inBfieaf Auh afpxy afp ivwc vwKrI imsfl sI.
ies smyN dOrfn BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot dy hwk leI kIqy jf rhy sMGrsL ivwc pihlF nfloN iewk aMqr sI. ies vyly bI sI dI jQybMd mjLdUr jmfq BfrqI lokF dy hwk ivwc pUrI mjLbUqI nfl KVHI sI. ieQy ieh gwl cyqy rwKxI cfhIdI hY ik iewk smF sI jdoN knyzf dy mjLdUr hI BfrqI mjLdUrF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly dy ivroD ivwc sn ijvyN ik kfmfgftf mfrU dI Gtnf qoN sfP hY. pr hux siQqI bdl geI sI. hux mjLdUr XUnIanF, sosLilst jQybMdIaF, sI sI aYP pfrtI, lybr p®fgrYisv pfrtI, crc, tIcrF dIaF jQybMdIaF afid BfrqIaF dy nfl KVIaF sn.17 Audfhrn vjoN BfrqI kimAUintI df iewk zYlIgysLn 2 mfrc 1943 nUM bI sI dy p®ImIar jfhn hfrt nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn ivwc afeI zblXU ey df p®YjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct vI sLfml sI. eyzy vwzy lIzr df zYlIgyt ivwc sLfml hoxf afpxy afp ivwc lokF df iDafn iKwcx vflI Gtnf sI ijs nfl BfrqI lokF dy GolL nUM mjLbUqI imlI.
vot dy hwk dy GolL dOrfn 9 mfrc 1944 nUM Aus vyly dI bI sI dI ilbrl srkfr dy lybr minstr imstr jfrj pIarsn ny bI sI dI asMblI ivwc BfrqIaF dy iKlfP iewk nPrq Biraf ibafn idwqf. ijs nfl smuwcI kimAUintI ivwc guwsf BVk AuWiTaf. BfrqI kimAUintI vloN ies ivruwD ros p®gt krn leI 14 mfrc nUM iewk zYlIgysLn lybr minstr pIarsn nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn ivwc kimAUintI dy dUjy afgUaF nigMdr isMG igwl, jYrI isMG huMdl aqy mihMdr isMG dy nfl drsLn isMG vI sLfml sI. 18
lybr minstr dy nslI ibafn ivruwD bfhrlI vwzI kimAUintI ivwc gwl lY ky jfx leI drsLn isMG dIaF koisLsLF nfl afeI zblXU ey vloN iewk mujLfhrf jQybMd kIqf igaf. mfrc 15, 1944 nUM afeI zblXU ey dy iewk aYgjLYikitv sYsLn ivwc XUnIan dy p®Dfn hYrlz pirct vloN lybr minstr dy BfrqIaF ivruwD idwqy gey ibafn dI inKyDI kIqI.19
eysy qrHF aprYl 1945 ivwc jdoN bI sI dy atfrnI jnrl afr aYl mytlYNz ny vot dy hwk ivruwD iewk ibafn idwqf qF drsLn isMG ny ivktorIaf zylI tfiemjL ivwc iewk Kwq ilK ky ies dI inKyDI kIqI. AunHF ny iliKaf:

imstr mytlYNz dfavf krdf hY ik eIst ieMzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyxf smuMdroN pfr gey nOjvfn mnjLUr nhIN krngy. Auh nOjvfn XUrp dy lokF nUM AuhI ajLfdI p®dfn krn leI afpxIaF jfnF vfr rhy hn ijhVI ajLfdI eIst ieMzIan eyQy mMgdy hn. dfn vFg hI, ajLfdI vI GroN sLurU huMdI hY. AunHF lokF, jo kfmnvYlQ df ihwsf hn, nUM lokqMqr dy aiDkfr dyx nfl knyzIan lokqMqr Gtygf nhIN sgoN vDygf hI.20

knyzf dy BfrqIaF vloN vot dy hwk leI cldy sMGrsL df ijwq Biraf aMq 2 ap®Yl 1947 nUM hoieaf. bI sI dI srkfr ny knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF, cIinaF aqy jfpfnIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx df kfnUMn pfs kr idwqf. knyzf dy BfrqIaF dI ies ijwq df ishrf dUjy BfrqI lokF aqy nyqfvF dy nfl nfl drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy agFhvDU isafsq ivwc kIqy kMm AuWpr vI bwJdf hY.

“rfeIjL afP inAU eysLIaf” nFa dI ikqfb ilKxf

sfzy iKafl ivwc drsLn isMG vloN knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy agFhvDU isafsq ivwc inwgr Xogdfn pf skx aqy ies lihr aqy isafsq ivwc mfxXog QF bxf skx ipwCy ijwQy AusdI suihrdqf aqy p®qIbwDqf df hwQ sI, Ausdy nfl nfl Aus vloN afpxy afly duafly nUM cMgI qrHF smJx leI pVHn vwl ruicq hoxf vI sI. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dOrfn jdoN Auh pUrI srgrmI nfl pfrtI df aqy XUnIan df kMm kr irhf sI, Auh hmysLF pVHdf rihMdf. aMqrrfsLtrI smwisafvF bfry AusdI ivsLysL idlcspI huMdI. iesy idlcspI df nqIjf sI ik Aus ny smyN smyN Bfrq bfry hI nhIN dunIaF dy hor mulkF bfry jfxkfrI BrpUr lyK ilKy. aqy 1943 ivwc Ausny “rfeIjL afP inAU eysLIaf” nFa dI ikqfb ilKI. 21 pr bdiksmqI nfl ieh ikqfb drsLn isMG dy Bfrq vfps cly jfx bfad 1948 ivwc jf ky p®kfsLq hoeI aqy eyml ibErnsn dy dwsx muqfbk drsLn ny Kud iesnUM keI dhfikaF bfad pihlI vfrI 1960ivaF ivwc afpxI knyzf dI iewk PyrI dOrfn dyiKaf. ies ikqfb ivwc drsLn isMG ny Bfrq, cIn, jfpfn AuWpr ilKy anykF lyKF dy nfl nfl korIaf, iPlIpn, ieMzo-cfeInf, ieMzonysLIaf, ierfn aqy qurkI afid bfry vI lyK sLfml kIqy. drsLn isMG dI mnuwKvfdI soc aqy sUJ df Jlkfrf ies gwl qoN vI pYNdf hY ik Aus ny afpxI ikqfb do AunHF sLKsIaqF nUM smrpwq kIqI ijnHF ny lokF dI BlfeI Kfqr afpxf jIvn insLfvr kIqf. ieh sLKsIaqF sn knyzf dy zfktr nOrmn biQAUn aqy BfrqI zfktr dvfrkfnfQ kotins ijnHF ny cIn dy lokF dy sMGrsL ivwc afpxy jIvn dI ahuwqI dy ky afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf sI.

mjLdUr lihr dy ieiqhfskfrF vloN drsLn nUM njLr-aMdfjL krnf

AuprlI gwlbfq qoN spsLt hY ik drsLn isMG knyzIan ny 1940ivaF dOrfn knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI, knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy Kfs krky afeI zbilAU ey nUM jQybMd krn ivwc aqy knyzf dI agFhvDU isafsq ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. pr ieh gwl Audfs aqy hYrfn krn vflI hY ik bI sI dI mjLdUr jmfq bfry iliKaf igaf ieiqhfs drsLn isMG dy pfey Xogdfn bfry kfPI hwd qwk cuwp hY. Audfhrn vjoN afeI zblXU ey sMbMDI sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc 1989 ivwc stIPn grya vloN ilKy gey iewk QIss nUM dyK skdy hF ijs ivwc drsLn isMG df nFa qwk nhIN ilaf igaf. ieh QIss sfZy pMj sO sPy df hY. eysy qrHF asIN kuJ iewk hor dsqfvyjL dyKy aqy AunHF ivwc vI drsLn isMG dy Xogdfn nUM awKoN Auhly kIqf igaf hY. aYl pfrikn dy “lybr aYNz itMbr” nFa dy ieiqhfsk dsqfvyjL ivwc vI jo 1946-47 ivwc iliKaf igaf sI aqy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc lVI vfr Cipaf, ivwc vI drsLn isMG dy iksy Xogdfn df ijLkr nhIN afieaf.22
ieh gwl hYrfnI vflI ies krky hY ik ieho ijhy anykF sbUq aqy sMkyq hn ijhVy ieh iswD krdy hn ik drsLn isMG df Xogdfn vwzI pwDr AuWqy sI aqy sI vI dovF jQybMdIaF ivwc jfxI ik kimAUinst pfrtI aqy afeI zblXU ey ivwc. ikAuNik Aus smyN afeI zblXU ey dy sfry afgU kimAUinst sn aqy AunHF dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc iksy iksm df Prk dyK skxf sMBv nhIN jfpdf. drsLn isMG dy dosq aqy vYnkUvr dy msLhUr vkIl hYrI rYNikn anusfr “drsLn isMG KwbI isafsq ivwc srgrm sI pr AusdI srgrmI df kyNdr tryz XUnIan mUvmYNt sI so ieh PYslf krnf musLkl hY ik drsLn isMG df Xogdfn ikhVI sMsQf ivwc vwD sI.”23

vfps Bfrq jfx df PYslf

ieh sLfied drsLn isMG dI sLKsIaq df ihwsf sI jF Ausdy mn ivcly mnuwKI drd nfl Bry ihrdy dI vydnf ik Auh knyzf ivwc afpxy kMmF qoN pUrI qrHF sMqusLt nf ho sikaf. AuhnUM afpxy dysL dy k®oVF lokF dIaF smwisafvF ny knyzf ivwc itk ky rihx nf idwqf. ies ivwc koeI sLwk nhIN hY ik jy Auh cfhMudf qF Aus vyly eyQy rih ky Auh iewk vDIaf jIvn jI skdf sI. drsLn isMG dy knyzIan dosqF eyml ibErnsn, hYrI rYNikn, monf morgn aqy kryg pirct ny ieh gwl Ausdy sMbMD ivwc ivsLysL qOr AuWqy khI hY ik drsLn df Aus vyly knyzf Cwz ky jfxf afpxy afp ivwc iewk vwzI kurbfnI sI. ieh sMBv hY ik drsLn isMG Kud afpxy jfx nUM eyzI vwzI kurbfnI nf iKafldf hovy ikAuNik Aus awgy sYNkVy AunHF sUrbIrF dIaF AudfhrnF sn ijhVy gdr dI lihr dOrfn ihMdusqfn nUM ajLfd krfAux dy ierfdy nfl knyzf amrIkf ivwc iewk Aujly BivwK nUM alvdf kih gey sn. so drsLn isMG ny vI eyQoN dI suKflI ijLMdgI dy Ault Bfrq nUM muV jfx nUM qrjIh idwqI aqy gdr lihr dy lokF vloN pfeI iprq nUM awgy qoiraf. dysL jf ky Auh hr iksm dIaF musIbqF ivwc rih ky lokF leI lVdf irhf ijs bfry kfPI kuJ iliKaf imldf hY.
sfzy vfsqy dyKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik Ausdy knyzf Cwz ky Bfrq nUM vfps jfx vrgy vwzy PYsly ipwCy iks iksm dI soc kMm krdI sI? kI ieh PYslf iewk BfrqI vloN jjLbfqI iksm df PYslf sI jF ies ipwCy kMm krdI koeI vwzI soc aqy qrk sI. ies gwl df spwsLt jvfb sfnUM drsLn isMG vloN ilKI Aus icwTI qoN imlL jFdf hY jo Aus ny 1947 ivwc knyzf qoN Bfrq rvfnf hox lwigaF XUnIan ivwc afpxI trwstI dI pujLIsLn qoN asqIPy vjoN ilKI. ies icwTI ivwcoN kuJ ihwsf bI sI lMbr vrkr dy dsMbr 15, 1947 dy aMk ivwc Cfipaf igaf. ies ivwc drsLn isMG ny knyzIan mjLdUr lihr nfl kIqy afpxy kMm dI gwl kIqI aqy mjLdUr lihr dy afpxy sfQI kfimaF df DMnvfd kIqf. Aus ny ikhf: “mYnUM jfx lwigaF kuJ hwd qwk iewk sMqusLtI df aihsfs ho irhf hY pr nfl hI knyzf Cwzx df iewk zUMGf pCqfvf vI hY. myry pCqfvy df kfrn knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy vwzmuwly dosqF aqy sfQIaF qoN ivCoVf aqy ivdfiegI hY. pr iewk qswlI vflI gwl ieh hY ik mYN Bfrq jf ky srgrmI nfl tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df ierfdf rwKdf hF aqy mYnUM hmysLF ies gwl df aihsfs rhygf ik asIN iewk sFJy insLfny - mjLdUr jmfq dI ajLfdI - leI kMm kr rhy hF.”

(bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc Cpy drsLn isMG dy ies Kwq nUM anuvfd krky asIN ies lyK dy aKIr ivwc dy rhy hF qF ik pfTk drsLn isMG dI soc qoN pUrI qrHF jfxU ho skx.)

sfr
ijwQy ieh gwl sfzy sfiraF vfsqy mfx vflI hY ik drsLn isMG ny Bfrq ivwc jf ky Bfrq dy lokF dy jIvn nUM suDfrn aqy ishqmMd soc nUM lokF ivwc ijLMdf rwKx aqy vDfAux leI afpxf jIvn arpn kIqf AuWQy knyzIan BfrqIaF dy njLrIey qoN ieh Gfty vflI gwl vI jfpdI hY. jy Auh eyQy rihMdf qF sMBv hY ik Auh afpxI sUJ aqy ihMmq nfl sfzy BfeIcfry dI rUp ryKf nUM inKfrn ivwc afpxf hor vI Xogdfn pfAuNdf aqy sfzIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF Auhdy jIvn aqy kMmF qoN iswDy qOr AuWqy p®Bfvq huMdIaF. pr sfzy leI ieh gwl vI koeI Gwt mhwqqf vflI nhIN hY ik afpxy knyzf ivcly ds sfl dy smyN ivwc hI Ausny sfzy vfsqy aijhI imsfl kfiem kIqI hY ik ijs qoN bhuq kuJ iswiKaf aqy syD leI jf skdI hY.
knyzf ivwc ibqfey afpxy smyN dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN pfieaf Xogdfn keI pwKF qoN aihm hY aqy iDafn dI mMg krdf hY. eyQy afAux qoN CyqI bfad Aus ny eyQoN dI agFhvDU lihr nfl juV ky smyN dIaF siQqIaF nUM shI sMdrB ivwc smiJaf aqy ieh smJ Ausny pUrI p®iqbwDqf nfl dUjy BfrqIaF qwk phuMcfeI. dUjy sLbdF ivwc Ausny eyQy vsdy BfrqIaF dI aqy Kfs kr lwkVI dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy BfrqI kfimaF dI bOiDk pwDr nUM AuWpr cuwikaf. nqIjy vjoN Auh dUjy kfimaF dy brfbr KVHn ivwc mfx mihsUs krn lwgy. ies dy nfl hI Aus ny knyzIan lokF aqy kfimaF ivwc BfrqIaF bfry pey anykF BulyiKaF aqy glq PihmIaF nUM dUr kIqf. ies nfl eyQoN dy afm lokF ivwc BfrqIaF ivruwD nPrq ivwc guxfqmk kmI afeI. BfrqIaF vloN vot dy hwk leI clfeI lMmI jwdo-jihd nUM dUjy lokF vloN, Kfs kr 1942 qoN 47 qwk, imlI ihmfieq iswDy qOr ’qy drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN pfey Xogdfn df iswtf sI. knyzf ivcly BfrqIaF aqy dUjy knyzIan lokF drimafn pulL bx ky drsLn isMG ny donHF BfeIcfiraF nUM iewk dUjy dy njLdIk ilaFdf. Ausdf ieh Xogdfn AusnUM sfry knyzIan lokF vfsqy vI AunF hI mhwqvpUrn bxf idMMdf hY ijMnf Auh BfrqIaF vfsqy hY. Aus vloN pfieaf Xogdfn shI sLbdF ivwc iewk knyzIan vloN pfieaf Xogdfn sI.
pMjfb ivwc KfilsqfnIaF vloN drsLn isMG dy 25 sqMbr, 1986 ivwc hoey kql bfad Ausdy dosqF aqy hdmdrdF vloN Aus nUM sLrDFjlI ByNt krn vfsqy akqUbr 12, 1986 nUM vYnkUvr dy afeI zblXU ey dy hfl ivwc iewk vwzI iekwqrqf kIqI geI sI. ijwQy AuhnUM Auhdy dosqF, eyml ibErnsn, mOirs rwsL, hYrI rYNikMn, klya pYrI aqy hor anykF sfQIaF vloN snyh aqy mfxmwqy sLbdF ivwc sLrDFjlI ByNt kIqI geI sI. klya pYrI vloN Aus vyly khy gey sLbdF ivcly sunyhy nUM aslI jfmf pihnfAux dI loV hY. klya pYrI ny ikhf sI: “drsLn isMG nUM pMjfb ivwc knyzIan dy nFa nfl jfixaF jFdf sI aqy eyQy knyzf ivwc asIN AusnUM iewk pMjfbI dy qOr AuWqy jfxdy sF. pr sfnUM hux jo vI krnf pvy krnf cfhIdf hY aqy ies vwKryvyN nUM sdf vfsqy Kqm kr dyxf cfhIdf hY aqy AusnUM sdf sdf vfsqy knyzIan kihxf cfhIdf hY. Ausny hmysLF sMGrsL kIqf aqy Auh Aus BfvnfvF dI Audfhrn sI ijhVI aijhy vwKryivaF dIaF swB hwdF twp jFdI hY.”24 sLrDFjlI dy ienHF sLbdF nUM aslI rUp dyx leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN drsLn isMG knyzIan dy knyzf ivcly kMmF nUM jfxIey, AusnUM knyzIan pMjfbI kimAUintI aqy knyzf dy ieiqhfs df aMg bxfAux leI XqnsLIl hoeIey.

drsLn isMG afpxy Gr rvfnf

BfrqI mjLdUr nyqf dI afeI zbilAU ey nUM alivdf

(bI sI lMbr vrkr, dsMbr 15, 1947)

(bI sI izstirkt afeI zbilAU ey-sI afeI E, dy trwstI sL®I drsLn isMG ny ipCly hPqy XUnIan nUM afpxf asqIPf dy idwqf hY. asqIPf Aus vloN Aus vyly idwqf igaf jdoN Auh knyzf ivwcoN afpxy jwdI dysL Bfrq leI rvfnf hox lwgf sI ijwQy jf ky Auh tryz XUnIan lihr ivwc afpxf kMm jLfrI rwKx df ierfdf rwKdf hY.
ieh asqIPy vflf Kwq vIr (brwdr) isMG ny afpxy dysL nUM jfx leI mFtrIafl qoN smuMdrI jhfjL ivwc cVHn qoN pihlF iliKaf. ies ivwc Ausny afpxy knyzf ivcly anykF dosqF aqy sihkfimaF df sLukrIaF adf kIqf hY aqy AunHF nUM alivdf khI hY. Ausny ieh Kwq izstirkt sYkrytrI bI jy mYljLnyWs dy nFa Byijaf hY aqy ies df kuJ ihwsf ies qrHF hY- lMbr vrkr dy sMpfdk nfiejl mfrgn vloN iliKaf not.)

mYnUM jfx lwigaF kuJ hwd qwk iewk sMqusLtI df aihsfs ho irhf hY pr nfl hI knyzf Cwzx df iewk zUMGf pCqfvf vI hY. myry pCqfvy df kfrn knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy vwzmuwly dosqF aqy sfQIaF qoN ivCoVf aqy ivdfiegI hY. pr ies ivwc qswlI vflI gwl ieh hY ik mYN Bfrq jf ky srgrmI nfl tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df ierfdf rwKdf hF aqy mYnUM hmysLF ies gwl df aihsfs rhygf ik asIN iewk sFJy insLfny - mjLdUr jmfq dI ajLfdI - leI kMm kr rhy hF.
ds sfl pihlF mYN afpxI jvfnI dy sLurU ivwc knyzf afieaf sF. eyQy knyzf ivwc af ky mYN mjLdUr lihr df aMim®q Cikaf aqy mjLdUr jmfq dy GolLF df AUVf aYVf iswiKaf. mjLdUr lihr bfry hI nhIN jIvn bfry vI mYN jo kuJ iswiKaf hY Auh myry aMdr myry nfl imwlF aqy kYNpF ivwc kMm krn vfilaF ny aqy bfad ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf dy sfQIaF ny kuwt kuwt ky Biraf hY.
ieh kihxf pUrI qrHF shI hY ik qusIN, knyzf dy mjLdUr lok, myry aiDafpk aqy pwQ-p®drsLk ho. knyzf nUM aqy knyzf dy mhfn lokF nUM mYN quhfzy rfhIN hI jfixaF hY. quhfzf sfiraF df DMnvfd kridaF myry leI sfiraF dy nFa lY skxf qF musLkl hovygf pr Pyr vI mYN ies mOky afeI zbilAU ey dIaF sfrIaF loklF aqy izstirkt aiDkfrIaF df DMnvfd krnf cfhuMdF ik qusIN hmysLF ikMnI KulH-idlI nfl sihj rUp myry kMmF ivwc myrI mdd kIqI, sihXog idwqf aqy syD idwqI.
jdoN 1937 ivwc mYN pihlI vfrI ib®itsL kolMbIaf dy jMglF ivwc kMm krn igaf qF Aus vyly kMm dIaF hflqF gulfmI vrgIaF sn. Aus smyN Gwt qoN Gwt qnKfh df kfnUMn sI 40 sYNt p®qI GMtf, pr mYN ds GMty dI idhfVI aqy vIh sYNt p®qI GMtf AuWqy kMm krdf irhf hF, ikAuNik iesdf bdl sI byrujLgfrI aqy BuwKmrI.
sfzI jQybMd krn dI muihMm bVI kTnfeIaF BrI sI pr sFJIaF kosLsLF rfhIN mjLdUr jyqU hoey aqy AunHF ny knyzf Br ivwcoN swB qoN mhfn aqy juJfrU (imlItYNt) jQybMdI kfiem kIqI.
afeI zbilAU ey dI swB qoN vwzI p®fpqI, sfry lwkV-kfimaF (vuwzvrkrjL) nUM - gory, ieMzIan, cIny, jpfnI - ibnF iksy nsl jF rMg dy vKryvyN dy swB nUM iewk lVI ivwc joVn dI sI. afeI zbilAU ey dy dUr aMdysLI vfly aqy juJfrU afgUaF dI imhrbfnI nfl 37,000 lwkV-kfmy hux mukfblqn cMgIaF qnKfhF aqy kMm dIaF hflqF df afnMd mfx rhy hn. keI qrHF nfl, Gwt igxqIaF dy lokF nUM, ijnHF nfl hmysLF ivqkrf aqy vDIkIaF huMdIaF rhIaF hn, kfPI ijLafdf Pfiedf hoieaf hY.
ieh mhfn eykqf aqy Xog agvfeI, ijhny bI sI dy lwkV-kfimaF vfsqy ieMny ijLafdf hwk ijwqy hn, hr hflq ivwc kfiem rihxI cfhIdI hY aqy vDxI cfhIdI hY. mflk dy eyjMtF vloN aqy icVicVy suafrQI lokF vloN aMdrUnI qOr AuWqy aVcnF, aqy mflkF vloN aqy AunHF dy kTpuqly isafsI lokF vloN bfhroN hox vfly hmly bysLwk jLfrI rihxgy. pr qusIN, afeI zbilAU ey dy sfQIE, hmysLF iewkmuwT rihxf aqy mjLdUr jmfq dy sfry dusLmxF nUM hfr dyxI. isrP lgfqfr cOks rihx nfl aqy sMGrsL nfl hI afeI zbilAU ey aqy mjLdUr lihr bcfeI aqy vDfeI jf skdI hY. sfzf ieh hI nfhrf hoxf cfhIdf hY.
afriQk muhfx AuWqy asIN kfPI mwlF mfrIaF hn pr ajy bhuq kuJ krn vflf ipaf hY aqy myrf ieh pwkf ivsLvfs hY ik afeI zbilAU ey nUM hor srgrmI nfl isafsq ivwc ihwsf lYxf cfhIdf hY. asIN sfP dyK skdy hF ik iks qrHF sfzIaF afriQk p®fpqIaF nUM ibwl 39 vrgy isafsI kfnUMnF nfl qbdIl kr ky sfQoN Koihaf jf skdf hY. ies mYdfn ivwc afeI zbilAU ey nUM kMm krky bI sI ivwc aqy knyzf ivwc mjLdUrF aqy iksfnF dy sFJy morcy vflI lok-srkfr kfiem krnI cfhIdI hY.
awj amrIkn sfmrfjvfd dUjy lokF dIaF afjLfdIaF AuWpr afpxIaF cMm dIaF clf irhf hY. amrIkn sfmrfjI sfry XUrp nUM afpxI jyb ivwc pfAuxf cfhuMdy hn. Auh cIn dy lokF dy iKlfP qfnfsLfh icaFg-kfey-sLyk dI hmfieq kr rhy hn. sfAUQ eIst eysLIaf ivwc ib®itn, PrFs aqy hOlYNz (amrIkn mdd nfl) ieMzonysLIaf, vIaqnfm aqy ieMzocfeInf dIaF rIpbilkF nUM kuclx dIaF kosLsLF kr rhy hn.
Bfrq ivwc ijwQy sfzy lokF ny brqfnvI bsqIvfdIaF koloN vwzIaF irafieqF ijwqIaF hn aqy 200 sfl dy ibgfny rfj bfad afpxI kOmI srkfr p®fpq kIqI hoeI hY pr ajy vI brqfnIaF vfly aiswDy qrIky nfl afriQk srdfrI, dysL vMz, aqy rjvfVf sLfhI aqy vwzy vpfrIaF nfl sFJ rwK ky dysL AuWpr afpxf kbjf kfiem rwKx dIaF kosLsLF kr rhy hn.
ienHF sfry kysF ivwc knyzIan srkfr sQfnk lokF dy ajLfdI leI cwl rhy GolLF ivruwD sfmrfjvfdIaF dI hmfieq kr rhI hY. sMKyp ivwc, AuhI iejfrydfr qfkqF ijhVIaF knyzIan lokF dy rihx dy pwDr nUM nIvF rwKx dI kosLsL kr rhIaF hn, bsqIaF dy lokF nUM gulfm bxfeI rwKx leI qqpr hn. nqIjy vjoN, knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq df aqy myry dysL dy lokF df ieko iewk sFJf dusLmx hY dunIaF df sfmrfjvfd. jy sfzy dovF lokF ny ies jLihrIly dusLmx sfhmxy afpxI hoNd kfiem rwKxI hY qF sfnUM pwkI sFJ sQfpq krnI pvygI. sfmrfjvfd ivruwD sMGrsL dI ijwq ivwc ieh eykqf hI aslI kuMjI hY.
mYN quhfzy nfl ies gwl df vfiedf krdf hF ik BfrqI tryz XUnIan dI lihr ivwc kMm krky mYN ienHF donHF lokF drimafn eykqf kfiem krn vfsqy afpxI vloN hr kosLsL krFgf. aqy mYnUM ies gwl df pUrn ivsLvfs hY ik qusIN, knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy sfQI, myry lokF dI aqy dunIaF dy hor lokF dI bsqIvfdIaF koloN ajLfdI dI lVfeI dI mdd ivwc jo vI kr sky pUrI koisLsL nfl krogy. knyzf dy mjLdUr kdy vI afpxI mukMml ajLfdI sQfpq nhIN kr skxgy ijMnf icr awDI dunIaF dy lok bsqIaF ivwc iswDy jF aiswDy qOr AuWqy iejfrydfr pUMjIvfd dy gulfm bxy rihxgy.
mYN iewk vfrI Pyr afeI zbilAU ey dI smuwcI mYNbrisLfp aqy afgUaF df inwGf DMnvfd krnf cfhuMdf hF aqy swB nUM sLuwB ieCfvF Byjdf hF. ikrpf krky myry ies Kwq nUM myrf izstirkt trwstI dy aOhdy, ijs AuWpr mYN keI sfl irhf hF, qoN asqIPf smJxf.
awgy afAux vfly sMGrsLF ivwc quhfnUM swB sfQIaF nUM hr ijwq dI kfmnf krdf hF. alivdf afeI zbilAU ey aqy alivdf kYnyzf.

BrfqrI ipafr nfl

drsLn isMG

hvfly aqy itwpxIaF

1[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg, zfktr hrI sLrmf, suKvMq huMdl aqy mfKx tuwt, mfrc, 1985, vYnkUvr bI sI.

2[ drsLn isMG knyzIan, ieMtrivAU.

3[ eyml ibErnsn ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, aprYl 2, 1997, vYnkUvr.

4[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU.

5[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU.

6[ kuldIp isMG bYNs ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, 30 akqUbr 1984, vYnkUvr.

7[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU.

8[ kryg pirct ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, 8 agsq 1997, vYnkUvr.

9[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU.

10[ kryg pirct ieMtrivAU.

11[ albrtf vrkrjL vYlkm afeI zblXU, drsLn isMG knyzIan, bI sI lMbr vrkrjL, 4 nvMbr, 1946, vYnkUvr.

12[ AuhI.

13[ AuhI.

14[ imstr ruafey mfh nfl sfDU ibinMMMg dI aprYl, 1997 nUM Pon AuWpr kIqI gwlbfq AuWqy afDfrq, vYnkUvr.

15[ drsLn isMG knyzIan sLrDFjlI smfgm, 12 akqUbr 1986, vYnkUvr, smyN klya pYrI vloN kIqI spIc ivwcoN.

16[ “drsLn isMG suport XUintI”, bI sI lMbr vrkrjL, 6 nvMbr, 1944, sPf 1[

17[ dyKo “BfrqIaF ny knyzf ivwc vot df hwk iks qrHF ilaf: pMjfhvIN vrHy gMZ smyN ivsLysL”, suKvMq huMdl aqy sfDU ibinMg, vYnkUvr swQ pblIkysLnjL, vYnkUvr, 1997, sPf 33-34.[

18[ AuhI sPf 29[

19[ AuhI sPf 48[

20[ ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL, aprYl 7, 1945, sPf 4[

21[ drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN 1943 ivwc ilKI ikqfb jo 1948 ivwc p®kfisLq hoeI: df rfeIjL afP inAU eysLIaf, prOgryWs pbilisLMg, trFto.

22[ ijvyN pihlF ijLkr kIqf igaf hY ik ieh lyK ilKx leI asIN drsLn isMG horF nfl kIqI afpxI lMbI ieMtrivAU nUM kfPI hwd qwk afDfr bxfieaf hY. pr asIN afpxI vloN ies gwl dI vI pUrI kosLsL kIqI hY ik dUjy soimaF koloN vI drsLn isMG dy jIvn aqy Xogdfn bfry jfxkfrI iekwqr krIey. ies mksd leI asIN afeI zblXU ey dy Aus smyN bfry ilKy gey ieiqhfsk dsqfvyjF nUM dyiKaf hY. nfl hI asIN kfPI sfry AunHF lokF nfl gwlbfq kIqI hY ijhVy drsLn isMG nUM inwjI qOr AuWqy jfxdy sn aqy Auhdy nfl kMm krdy rhy sn. ienHF ivwc sLfml hn: mOirs rsL jo bhuq lMbf smF kimAUinst pfrtI dy aOhdydfr rhy aqy ies vyly vYnkUvr ivwc rih rhy hn. eymIl ibErnsn jo XUnIvristI dy smyN qoN drsLn isMG dy vfikP sn aqy AunHF nfl XMg kimAUinst lIg dy smyN qoN imlL ky srgrmIaF kIqIaF sn. monf morgn jo afeI zblXU ey ivwc iesqrIaF nUM jQybMd krn ivwc aqy XUnIan dI aKbfr lMbr vrkr ivwc lMbf smF kMm krdy rhy hn aqy AuWGy afgU nfeIjl morgn dy jIvn sfQI sn. hYrI rYNikMn ijnHF dI drsLn isMG dy knyzf ivcly aKIrly do sflF dOrfn Aus nfl kfPI nyVqf rhI sI. cInI kimAUintI dy XUnIan afrgynfeIjLr ruafey mfh jo cInI kimAUintI ivwc keI dhfky aKbfr clfAuNdy rhy hn. kryg pirct, jo hYrlz pirct dy spuwqr hn aqy afpxI CotI Aumr qoN hI agFhvDU srgrmIaF ivwc sLfml rhy hn. kuldIp isMG bYNs jo drsLn isMG dy nfl kimAUinst pfrtI dy mYNbr vI sn aqy XUnIan jQybMd krn ivwc vI srgrm sn. mfrgryt aYNzrUisaYk jo drsLn isMG nUM Ausdy srgrmI dy smyN qoN jfxdy sn. eysy qrHF asIN afeI zblXU dy mOjUdf aOhdydfr klya pYrI ijs ny drsLn isMG nfl dysL jf ky mulfkfqF kIqIaF hn, nfl vI drsLn isMG bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf hY. ienHF sfiraF nfl ivcfr vtFdry bfad asIN ies iswty AuWqy phuMcy hF ik drsLn isMG dy pfey Xogdfn nUM Aus smyN df ieiqhfs ilKx vfilaF vloN njLr aMdfjL kIqf igaf hY.

23[ hYrI rYNikMn ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, aprYl 2, 1997, vYnkUvr.

24[ drsLn isMG knyzIan sLrDFjlI smfgm, 12 akqUbr 1986, vYnkUvr, smyN klya pYrI vloN kIqI spIc ivwcoN.