AuWqrI amrIkf ivc 1908-1918 qwk BfrqI dyÈBgqF dI jfsUsI
ihAU jfhnsn
(aMgryjLI qoN anuvfd : suKvµq huµdl)
 

AuWqrI amrIkf ivc ihµdusqfn qoN pihly avfsI, ijhnF ivcoN bhuigxqI iswK sn, 1903-1904 ivc eyQy afey. byÈwk kYnyzf ny 1908 ivc aqy amrIkf ny 1910 ivc AuhnF dy afvfs Aupr rok lf idwqI, pr AudoN BfrqIaF dI iek CotI ijhI kimAUintI bI[ sI[ aqy ÈFq mhfsfgr dy kµZy nfl lwgdIaF hor stytF ivc sQfpq ho cuwkI sI. ies kimAUintI ivc pµjfbIaF qoN ibnF bµgfl aqy ihµdusqfn dy dUjy ihwisaF qoN afey ividafrQI aqy vpfrI qbky dy lok vI sn. ikAuNik ies kimAUintI dy nyqfvF Aupr pUrI ingHf rwKI jFdI sI ies leI awj cfr dyÈF dIaF afrkfeIvjL ivc ieµnf msflf iml jFdf hY ik iehnF nyqfvF dIaF srgrmIaF dI rUp ryKf afsfnI nfl hI AulIkI jf skdI hY. iehnF ivcoN bhuqy isafsI kfrkuµn sn aqy KulHy rUp ivc aµgryË srkfr dI aflocnf krdy aqy ibRitÈ rfj dy aµdr jF bfhr rih ky svYrfj dI mµg krdy sn. jy aµgryË srkfr dy Èwk aqy ibRitÈ kolµbIaf aqy ÈFq mhfsfgr nfl lwgdIaF hor stytF ivc sQfpq eyÈIafitk aYksklUijLn lIg dIaF BfvnfvF ƒ iDafn ivc rwiKaf jfvy qF ienHF nyqfvF Aupr ho rhI jfsUsI dI gwl ieµnI hYrfnkuµn nhIN jfpdI. smyN dy lµGx nfl ieh jfsUsI hor vwDdI geI. 1913 ivc sfnPrFissko ivc rihµdy BfrqIaF ny Êdr pfrtI dI nINh rwKI. Êdr pfrtI dy sµbµD vYnkUvr, ivktorIaf aqy hor ÈihrF ivc sn. pihlI sµsfr jµg dy pihly mhIinaF dy dOrfn Êdr pfrtI ny pµjfb ivc jf ky Êdr krn dI koiÈÈ kIqI aqy bfhr rih rhy lokF ƒ Bfrq vfps jf ky ies ivc ihwsf pfAux dI apIl kIqI. AunHF dIaF koiÈÈF cµgI qrHF jQybµd nf hox kfrn Auh pµjfb dy lokF koloN eynI mdd nf hfsl kr sky. pr Bfrq dI srkfr ny ies ƒ bhuq sÉqI nfl kucilaf ijs krky iswKF aqy hor BfrqIaF dI soc Aupr zUµGf asr hoieaf. ies nfl jµg qoN bfad pµjfb ivc gVbV ƒ kfPI bwl imilaf.

vYnkUvr dy iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ny AuWqrI amrIkf ivc rih rhy BfrqIaF dI jfsUsI krn ivc iek aihm rol inBfieaf. pµjfbI kimAUintI bfry hoey pihly aiDanF ivc ies rol df iËkr hY pr ijs pwDr AuWpr ieh jfsUsI kIqI geI aqy ijs qrHF dy iesdy nqIjy inkly AunHF ƒ dyKidaF ies bfry ivsQfr pUrvk aiDan dI loV hY.(1) ijs qrHF kYnyzIan aqy BfrqI srkfrF kYnyzf ivc hux dy kompRsqF (nationalists) dIaF gqIivDIaF ƒ dyKdIaF hn Aus nfl ies ivÈy dI smkflI siQqIaF nfl sFJ bwJdI hY. BUq BivwK leI sbk muhweIaf krdf hY. ies sdI dy ÈurU ivc afAux vfly BfrqI avfsI vI awj dy avfsIaF vFg afriQk kfrnF krky ieQy afey sn. Auh isafsq dI QF ruËgfr ivc idlcspI rwKdy sn. lflf hridafl ny iekvfr ienHF bfry ikhf sI ik ieh lok zrfkl hn.(2) ienHF avfsIaF ivcoN vwzI igxqI iksy vI aijhy kimAuintI aYkÈn ’qy bycYnI mihsUs krdI sI jo kYnyzIan jF BfrqI srkfr ƒ psµd nf hovy. (3) iPr vI smyN aqy GtnfvF ny AunHF ivcoN bhuiqaF ƒ dyÈBgqF dy hwk ivc kr idwqf. ho rhI jfsUsI ny ies ivc iek aihm BUimkf inBfeI. jfsUsI krn vfilaF aqy ijnHF dI jfsUsI kIqI jFdI sI ivckfr iek pRqIkmeI irÈqf sI. dovyN iDrF smJdIaF sn ik AuWqrI amrIkf ivc iswKF dIaF srgrmIaF ihµdusqfn ivc aµgryË rfj leI Kqrf hn. dovyN iDrF iek-dUjy leI quwKxf df kµm krdIaF sn. pµjfbI iksfnF dy mnF ivc aµgryË pRqI koeI moh nhIN sI. jdoN AunHF ƒ pqf lwgf ik AunHF dI ingrfnI kIqI jf rhI hY qF AunHF isafsI qOr AuWpr cyqµn hox vwl pihlf kdm vDfieaf. iek Zµg nfl jfsUsI ny ihµdusqfnIaF ƒ isafsI srgrmIaF vwl pRyirq kIqf aqy AunHF dIaF isafsI srgrmIaF ny jfsUsI ivc hor vfDf krn dI pRoVqf kIqI. vYnkUvr ivc vfprIaF ienHF jfsUsI kfrvfeIaF dI pUrn GoK kr ies aml nUM TIk Zµg nfl smiJaf jf skdf hY.

ies jfsUsI df muwK pfqr klkwqy df sfbkf puils ienspYktr zbilAU[ sI[ hfpiknsn sI, ijhVf 1908 ivc vYnkUvr afieaf. Ausny 1909 qoN 1914 (jdoN myvf isµG ny Ausƒ golI mfr idwqI) qwk kYnyzIan iemIgryÈn ivBfg ivc kµm kIqf. afpxI nOkrI dOrfn hfpiknsn ieµmIgryÈn ivBfg df kµm vI krdf sI pr Aus dI muwK i˵myvfrI ‘puils vrk’ (jfsUsI) sI. Aus dy jfsUsI dy kµm ivc kYnyzIan srkfr nfloN iËafdf ieµzIaf afiPs aqy BfrqI srkfr ƒ idlcspI sI. afrkfeIvjL dy irkfrz muqfbk jfsUsI dy kµm ƒ ÈurU krn df ishrf hfpiknsn dy isr hI bwJdf hY. Auhny ÈFq mhF sfgrdy kµZy AuWpr BfrqI dyÈBgqF ƒ lwiBaf aqy ibnF iksy muÈikl dy sbµiDq aiDkfrIaF ƒ AunHF dIaF srgrmIaF dI gµBIrqf df aihsfs krfieaf. aqy AunHF dI jFc krn leI spYÈl kimÈn aqy nOkrI hfsl kr leI. ÈurU ivc Auh vYnkUvr ikAuN afieaf ies gwl df koeI spwÈt pqf nhIN cwldf. Èfied BfrqI srkfr ny Aus ƒ iswKF bfry jfxkfrI hfsl krn leI hI Byijaf hovy. pr jdoN Auh pihlF ieQy phuµicaf qF Aus ny kYnyzIan srkfr nUM afpxy afAux df koeI Kfs mksd nhIN dwisaf.

hfpiknsn XUrpIn ipqf aqy eyÈIan mF dy Gr 1880 ivc idwlI ivc pYdf hoieaf, BfvyN Auh hmyÈf ieh dfavf krdf sI ik Auh ieµglYNz ivc pYdf hoieaf aqy Ausdy mF bfp dovyN aµgryj sn. (4) 1904-1907 qwk cfr sfl Aus ny klkwqy ivc puils ieµspYktr dy qOr ’qy nOkrI kIqI. Aus smyN Auh 24 sflF df sI aqy Aus dI qnKfh 80 rupey mhInf sI ijhVI bfad ivc vwDky 125 rupey ho geI. (5) 1908 dI bsµq ivc ibnF iksy spwÈt vjHf dy Auh vYnkUvr phuµicaf. pr CyqIN hI Auh CfxbIx dy kµm ivc lwg igaf. Ausdf ieh kµm pihlI vfr AudoN sfhmxy afieaf jdoN Aus ny vYnkUvr dy dyÈBgqF dIaF srgrmIaF bfry iek khfxI ‘lµzn tfiemË’ dy iek irportr ƒ dwsI. (6) ies khfxI AuWpr afDfirq iek lyK ‘lµzn tfiemË’ dy 22 meI 1908 dy aµk ivc Cipaf. ies ivc iliKaf sI ik ihµdusqfn ivc ienklfbI aµdoln dI mwdd leI vYnkUvr aqy isaftl ivc rihµdy BfrqI pYsy iekwTy kr rhy hn, sfihq Cfp rhy hn, aqy bµb bnfAux dI iswiKaf dy rhy hn. Aus smyN dy izptI lybr minstr mYkYinjI ikµg ny meI dy aKIr jF jUn dy ÈurU ivc Aus nfl mulfkfq kIqI. ikµg Aus smyN ‘AurIaYNtl’ lokF dI iemIgryÈn sbµDI rOiel kimÈn’ dI agvfeI kr irhf sI. Auh hfpiknsn qoN bhuq pRBfivq hoieaf aqy Aus ny hfpiknsn vwloN idwqI jfxkfrI dy afDfr AuWqy 9 siPaF dI iek gupq irport iqafr kIqI.(7) Aus ny ikhf ik ieh jfxkfrI kYnyzf ivc BfrqIaF dI ieµmIgryÈn rokx leI kfPI smwgrI pRdfn krdI hY. agly kuJ mhIinaF dOrfn vYnkUvr dy iemIgryÈn dÌqr ivc hfpiknsn df afm afAuxf jfxf irhf BfvyN ik Auh AuQy kµm nhIN krdf sI. Ausdy afpxy kihx muqfbk Auh klkwqf puils dI nOkrI qoN CuwtIaF ’qy sI.(8) pr AusdIaF srgrmIaF dwsdIaF sn ik Auh ieQy cµgI nOkrI leI koiÈÈ kr irhf sI aqy kYnyzIan aiDkfrI Aus ƒ kfPI kµm dy rhy sn. julfeI dy aKIr ivc ientIrIar minstr dy pRfeIvyt sYktrI jy[ bI[ hfrikn ny Etfvf ivc iemIgryÈn dy suprzYNt zbilAU[ zI[ skft ƒ iek Kq iliKaf, ‘‘mYN hfpiknsn ƒ ihµdUaF ivckfr iek idn guËfrn leI Byijaf.[[[” hYrfnI dI gwl ieh hY ik hfpiknsn bfry hor koeI jfxkfrI nhIN idwqI geI. suprzYNt skft ƒ pqf sI ik hfpiknsn kOx sI. (9)

akqUbr nvµbr 1908 ivc hfpiknsn ny ibRitÈ hFzrUs ivc BfrqI mËdUrF dIaF hflqF dI pVqfl krn leI bxfey spYÈl zYlIgyÈn ivc imstr hfrikn leI sYktrI aqy duBfÈIey dy qOr ’qy kµm kIqf. ies zYlIgyÈn ivc imstr hfrikn aqy hfpiknsn qoN ibnF BfrqI kimAUintI ivwcoN nfjr isµG aqy Èfm isµG vI sLfml sn. zYlIgyÈn dy sfry Krcy ientIrIar dy mihkmyN vwloN kIqy gey sn. kflonIal afiPs vloN imwiQaf ies zYlIgyÈn df AudyÈ sI vYnkUvr dy vfDU BfrqIaF dI pryÈfnI qoN bcx leI AuhnF ƒ bMDUaf mjLdUrF dy qOr AuWqy vYst ieµzIË jF hFzrUs ivwc Byjxf[(10) nfjr isµG aqy Èfm isµG ƒ ies leI iljfieaf igaf sI ik Auh BfrqIaF vwloN jf ky AuQoN dIaF hflqF dyK lYx. AunHF AuQoN af ky nfh pwKI irport idwqI aqy hfpiknsn AuWqy AunHF ƒ vwZI dyx df doÈ lfieaf.(11) hFzUrs jfx dI qjvIjL vYnkUvr gurduafry ivc hoeI iek guwsy BrI mIitµg ivc rwd kr idwqI geI. ies nfl hfpiknsn dI pRmfxkqf AuWpr koeI BYVf asr nhIN ipaf sgoN ies nfl Aus ƒ mhwqqf hI imlI. ies krky Aus ƒ ientIrIar dy izptI minstr aqy prfeIm minstr nfl Kwq pwqr krn df mOkf imilaf(12) aqy pwkI nOkrI leI isPfirÈ pRfpq hoeI. jdoN pihlI vfr vYnkUvr qoN (hFzrUs leI) kulI mËdUr BrqI krn dI gwl cwlI Aus smyN ibRitÈ hFzUrs df gvrnr jnrl krnl eI[ jy[ svfienI lµzn ivc sI. Aus ny qjvIË rwKI ik kYnyzIan srkfr Ausdf ikrfieaf rwKy qF Auh vYnkUvr dy rsqy lµzn qoN iblIj (hFzUrs) jf skdf hY. kYnyzIan srkfr ny AusdI qjvIË mµn leI.(13) Auh dsµbr (1908) ivc Etfvf aqy mFtrIal afieaf. Auhny afpxy imÈn bfry pihlF gvrnr jnrl arl grya (cOQy) aqy iPr pRDfn mµqrI sfr ivlPrz lfrIar aqy Auhdy mµqrI mµzl nfl gwlbfq kIqI. Bfrq nfl purfxy sbµDF krky svfienI ƒ vYnkUvr dy BfrqIaF dI isafsI aqy kµmkfr dI hflq dyKx leI ikhf igaf. sfl dy aµq AuWqy kYnyzf qoN jfx qoN pihlF krnl eI[ jy[ svfienI ny kYnyzIan srkfr awgy ËbfnI aqy ilKqI irport pyÈ kIqI. afpxI gupq irport ivc svfienI ny isPfirÈ kIqI ik BfrqI kfrkuµnF dIaF srgrmIaF AuWpr ingHf rwKx leI hfpiknsn ƒ zumIinan dy puils ienspYktr dy qOr ’qy inXukq kIqf jfvy. 

svfienI anusfr hfpiknsn iksy vyly vI Bfrq vfips jf skdf sI. pr ies qoN pihlF Aus ƒ vYnkUvr ivc iemIgryÈn mihkmy ivc ienspYktr rwK ilaf igaf. aKfAuNqI ‘ihµdU vrk’ Aus dy ijµmy dy idwqf igaf. Aus dI nOkrI dI pyÈkÈ ientIrIal minstrI dy izptI minstr vloN kIqI geI pr ies ipwCy asl hwQ gvrnr jnrl arl grya df sI. (14) [[[

8 PrvrI 1909 ƒ hfpiknsn vYnkUvr ivc afpxI nOkrI AuWpr hfjLr hoieaf. AusdI qnKfh 100 zflr pRqI mhInf bxdI sI. ieh qnKfh klkwqy ivc Ausƒ imldI qnKfh nfloN ZfeI guxF sI. Aus df kµm BfrqI kimAuntI AuWpr ingHf rwKxf aqy mihkmy ƒ ies bfry bkfiedgI nfl irport krnf sI. jdoN Auh afpxy ies kµm qoN ivhlf hovy qF Aus dI izAUtI iemIgryÈn dy inwqkrmI kµm ivc vI lfeI jf skdI sI. Aus ƒ aqy iemIgryÈn dy eyjµt jy[ aYc[ migwl ƒ ieh hdfieqF sn. (15) pr bhuqf smF hfpiknsn afjLfdfnf qOr ’qy hI kµm krdf. Aus ny afpxf iDafn vYnkUvr dI BfrqI kimAuntI dy nyqfvF AuWpr kyNdirq kr idwqf. Auh AunHF vloN Cfipaf jFdf sfihq iekwTf krn, pbilk ivc kIqIaF gwlF-bfqF df rIkfrz rwKx, AunHF dI zfk dI qfV rwKx aqy kdy kdy zfk rokx aqy AunHF dy afAux jfx df pUrf Byq rwKx lwgf. inAUXfrk ƒ Byjy 20 zflrF dy mnIafrzr vrgI afm ijhI gwl hfpiknsn leI bhuq vwzI gwl sI. hfpiknsn ijµnI smwgrI iekwTI kr skdf krdf aqy Aus dI irport izptI minstr ƒ Byjdf. izptI minstr agFh iek kfpI gvrnr jnrl ƒ Byj idµdf. arl grya ieh irport bVI idlcspI nfl pVHdf. 1909 ivc XUkfn ƒ jFdf hoieaf arl grya jdoN vYnkUvr ruikaf qF Aus hfpiknsn nfl zyZ Gµty dI mulfkfq kIqI. Aus ny ieh iewCf jfihr kIqI ik ijµnf smF Auh AuWqr vwl hY, Aunf icr hfpiknsn ‘skYgvy’ rfhIN Aus ƒ irportF Byjdf rhy.(16) bfad ivc CyqI hI Aus ny hfpiknsn qoN iek irport dIaF iqµn iqµn kfpIaF Byjx dI mµg kIqI. iek afpxy leI, iek hom srkfr leI aqy iek Etfvf ivc siQq imltrI ientYlIjYNs dy zfierYktr leI. Bfrq ivc kirmnl ientYlIjYNs ivBfg dIaF PfeIlF ivc ieh smwgrI do rsiqaF rfhIN puwjdI. gvrnr jnrl ieh irportF lµzn siQq klonIal afiPs aqy ieµzIaf afiPs rfhIN bfkfiedgI nfl vfiesrfey ƒ Byjdf. kdy kdy ieh irportF Etfvf dy imltrI ientYlIjYNs dPqr rfhIN iÈmly ivc ientYlIjYNs mihkmy dy dPqr ƒ ByjIaF jFdIaF. (17)
jy loV pvy qF hfpiknsn gvrnr jnrl dy dPqr dy vsIly vrq skdf sI. Aus vloN kIqI jFdI bynqI AuWpr gvrnr jnrl dy dPqr vloN grmjoÈI aqy PurqI nfl aml kIqf jFdf sI. hsn rhIm, jo bfad ivc vYnkUvr ivc BfrqI kimAuntI dy lIzr vjoN AuBiraf, hnflUlU aqy jfpfn rfhIN huµdf hoieaf 1910 ivc kYnyzf phuµicaf. kYnyzf afAux qoN pihlF rhIm jfpfn ivc brmf aYNz kµpnI nF dI Prm ivc mYnyjr sI. hfpiknsn dI bynqI qy gvrnr jnrl ny jfpfn ivc ieµglYNz dy rfjdUq qoN rhIm dIaF AuQoN dIaF srgrmIaF bfry irportF mµgvfeIaF. (18) jdoN gurFidwqf kumfr (ijsdy kfrz AuWpr ‘pµjfbI boDI’, ‘svY sµjm’ aqy ‘ÈfKfhfrI jIvn’ df pRcfrk iliKaf sI) bfry jfxkfrI dI loV sI qF hfpiknsn ny Aus bfry klkwqf dy puils kimÈnr ƒ iliKaf. jdoN Auh qyjf isµG bfry jfnxf cfhuµdf sI ik Auh ieglYNz ivc kI kr irhf hY qF hfpiknsn ny skftlYNz Xfrz kol Aus AuWpr ingHf rwKx df pRsqfv rwiKaf. (19)

qyjf isµG iek KwqrI iswK sI jo inAUXfrk aqy mFtrIal huµdf hoieaf sqµbr 1908 ivc vYnkUvr phuµicaf. CyqI hI Auh vYnkUvr dI iswK kimAuntI ivc iek lIzr df rol adf krn lwgf aqy 1909-10 ivc hfpiknsn dy iDafn df kyNdr bixaf. pµjfb srkfr anusfr Auh gujrFvflf df rihx vflf sI aqy Aus ny gOrimµt kflj lfhOr qoN grYjueyÈn aqy pµjfb XUnIvristI qoN aYm[ey[ pfs kIqI sI.(20) Auhny kfƒn df ieµtrmIzIeyt iemiqhfn vI pfs kIqf sI. Aus ny iËlHf Èfhpur dy iek skUl ivc hYWz mfstr dy qOr ’qy aqy Kflsf kflj aµimRqsr ivc (ijwQy Auh afrËI qOr AuWpr ipRµsIpl lwgf hoieaf sI) kuJ smF pVHfieaf. kuJ smF Aus ny rfvlipµzI ivc vkflq vI kIqI. Aus dy ipqf jI jo hspqfl ivc shfiek srjn jF hspqfl shfiek dy qOr AuWpr kµm krdy sn afpxI mOq smyN Auhdy leI cµgI jfiedfd Cwz gey sn. iPr Auh kYNbirj ivc kudrqI ivigafn dI AuWc ivwidaf pRfpq krn clf igaf aqy 1908 dIaF grmIaF ivc Auh AuWqrI amrIkf ivc af igaf. BfvyN Auhny ajy kYNbirj df iemiqhfn nhIN idwqf sI iPr vI Auhƒ kolµbIaf XUnIvristI ivc iek grYjUeyt ividafrQI dy qOr AuWpr dfKlf iml igaf. AuhdIaF isafsI gqIivDIaF bfry Bfrq srkfr dy rly imly pRBfv sn. pihlI gwl Aus dy ivcfr “Kqrnfk nhIN sn, sgoN kfPI nrm sn.” aglI gwl Auh “qawsbI” sn.(21) Aus ny ieQy koeI vI aijhf ibafn nhIN idwqf sI ijs anusfr ieh ikhf jf sky ik Auh ieµqhfpsµd sI. vYnkUvr ivc Auhny lYkcrF dI iek lVI pyÈ kIqI. ienHF lYkcrF df ivÈf aiDafqmvfdI (buwD Drm dy asUl) sI. pr hfpiknsn dIaF nËrF ivc Auh iek rfj pltfAU sI. (22) 1910 ivc Cy mhIny bfhr lf ky qyjf isµG vYnkUvr priqaf. hfpiknsn ƒ pqf lwgf ik qyjf isµG gFDI ƒ imilaf sI. hfpiknsn ny afpxI irport ivc iliKaf ik gFDI sfAUQ aPrIkf ivc iek mÈhUr ivakqI hY. ieh vI pqf lwgf hY ik gFDI df sbµD AuQoN dI ihµdU smwisaf nfl hY aqy myrI jfxkfrI anuUsfr ies smyN Auh AuQy ijhl Bugq irhf hY. (23)
hor lok ijnHF dI hfpiknsn sUh rwKdf sI Auh sn imwl vrkr aqy vYnkUvr gurduafry df gRµQI blvµq isµG, gurduafry dI pRbµDk kmytI df pRDfn Bfg isµG, ivktorIaf qoN inkldy pypr afrIXn df sµpfdk zf: suµdr isµG, ibhfrI lfl vrmf, hrnfm isµG, suirµdr mohn bos (ieh iqµny ividafrQI sn) aqy keI hor lok jo amrIkf dy kfljF ivc pVHdy sn pr smyN smyN vYnkUvr afAuNdy jFdy rihµdy sn. qyjf isµG qoN ibnf ijs ivakqI Aupr hfpiknsn kVI nËr rwKdf sI Auh sI bµgflI, qfrknfQ dfs jo isaftl dI XUnIvristI afP viȵgtn ivc ividafrQI sI. Auh klkwqf XUnIvristI qoN gRYjUeyt sI aqy sµn 1906 ivc vYnkUvr afieaf sI. QoVHf smF Auhny vYnkUvr siQq amrIkf dy iemIgRyÈn dÌqr ivc duBfÈIey df kµm kIqf. 1908 ivc Ausny iswK avfsIaF leI iek skUl KoilHaf. ieh skUl hfpiknsn vwloN Byq KolHx qy aiDkfrIaF ny bµd krvf idwqf. qfrknfQ dfs ivruwD Èwk df muwdf sI ik Auh aribµdo GoÈ aqy suirµdr nfQ bYnrjI ƒ jfxdf sI. aribµdo GoÈ nYÈnl kflj klkwqf ivc ieiqhfs aqy rfjnIqI dy pRoPYsr sn. AunHF AuWpr agsq 1907 ivwc ivdrohI pwqrkfrI df mukwdmf clfieaf igaf sI ijs ivcoN Auh brI ho gey sn. suirµdr nfQ bYnrjI ‘dI bµgflI’ rsfly dy sµpfdk sn aqy 1905 ivc bµgfl dI vµz ivruwD iek ÈkqIÈflI afvfË sn.(24) ienHF ƒ jfxdf hox qoN ibnF hfpiknsn df qfrknfQ dfs ivruwD hox df iek hor kfrn qfrknfQ vwloN 1908-10 ivckfr Cfpy jFdy rsfly ‘PrI ihµdusqfn’ ivc CpdI smwgrI sI. qfrknfQ dfs ies rsfly dy hr sPy AuWqy Bfrq ivc aµgryËF dy rfj ivruwD hmly krdf aqy Bfrq qoN bfhr aµgryËF dIaF bsqIaF ivc ihµdusqfnIaF nfl huµdy durivhfr vwl iDafn idvfAuNdf. (25)

ieh ivakqI ijnHF ipwCy hfpiknsn lwgf hoieaf sI lgfqfr afpxy-itkfxy bdldy rihµdy. afpxI nOkrI dy pihly do ZfeI sfl hfpiknsn AunHF dy mukfbly iek hI QF itikaf irhf. nvµbr dsµbr 1909 ivc Auhny loar PryjLr vYlI aqy kutnIË df gyVf kwiZaf. bfad ivc Auhny ikqy ikqy ientIirar dy cwkr mfry pr iËafdf smF Auh vYnkUvr aqy ivktorIaf ivc hI irhf. ies nfl Auh sµquÈt nhIN sI. 1910 ivc Auh isaftl ƒ ienklfbIaF df muwK awzf smJdf sI. AuQy qfrknfQ dfs aqy Aus dy sfQI igRÌqfrI dy zr qoN ibnf afpxf kµm kr skdy sn. Aus anusfr, ‘‘jy pUrI sfvDfnI aqy pikafeI nfl jFc pVqfl kIqI jfvy qF ibnF Èwk ies dy sbUq iml skdy sn[[[’’. (26)

1911 dI jUn qoN bfad hfpiknsn dy jFc pVqfl dy Gyry ivc hor vfDf ho igaf. Aus ƒ afpxy sUhIaF qoN Kbr imlI ik qfrknfQ dfs amrIkf dI istIËniÈwp leI idwqI arËI dI pYrvI qyËI nfl kr irhf sI. arËI ipCly kuJ smyN qoN ivcy lmk rhI sI. ies hI smyN isaftl ivc hoeI iek mIitµg bfry aPvfh AuWzI hoeI sI ik ies mIitµg ivc qfrknfQ dfs aqy kumfr ƒ vfps Bfrq Byjx df ÌYslf ilaf igaf sI. hfpiknsn anusfr ies ipwCy ieko hI AudyÈ ho skdf sI. qfrknfQ dfs amrIkn nfgirkqf dI surwiKaf hyT Bfrq jf ky dsµbr ivc ikµg jfrj pµjvyN aqy kueIn mYrI dI Bfrq PyrI dOrfn ÈfhI drbfr smyN ÈFqI Bµg krnf cfhuµdf sI. (27) icqfvnI vs arl grya ny ies bfry klonIal afiPs ƒ qfr pfeI. grmIaF hox kfrn ieµzIaf afiPs aqy klonIal afiPs dI dPqrÈfhI rfhIN huµidaF hoieaF ies sunyhy nUM afpxy itkfxy phuµcx leI keI hPqy lwgy. pr sqµbr qwk ieh mslf bhuqI ËrUrI aqy qwqkflIn bx cuwkf sI. hfpiknsn ƒ ies bfry hor jfxkfrI hfsl krn leI ikhf igaf, ijhVI qfrknfQ dfs dI arËI rukvfAux leI amrIknF nfl ‘izplomYitk’ gwlbfq smyN vrqI jf sky. hfpiknsn ny ies df jvfb idwqf ik Auh aijhf qF hI kr skdf hY jy Aus ƒ bfrzr dy pfr isaftl, portlYNz, sfnPrFissko, brkly, aqy stfktn vrgy ÈihrF ivc jf ky jFc-pVqfl krn dI afigaf idwqI jfvy. ienHF ÈihrF ivc vwzI igxqI ivc BfrqI rihµdy sn aqy qfrknfQ dfs ieQy afm afieaf jfieaf krdf sI. hfpiknsn ny ieh vI ikhf ik ieh kµm Aus ƒ afp krnf pvygf ikAuNik Aus smyN aijhf koeI piVHaf iliKaf BfrqI nhIN sI ijs AuWpr Auh XkIn kr sky. arl grya dIaF ihdfieqF nfl ies dI iejfËq iek dm iml geI. (28) Aus ƒ iekdm jfx leI ikhf igaf. Auh ÈFq mhFsfgr dy kµZy dy 19 idnF dy dOry ivc rvfnf ho igaf.

isafitl jF Auh iswDf amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn dy dÌqr igaf aqy Aus ieµspYktr ƒ imilaf jo AuQoN dI BfrqI kimAUintI bfry bhuqf jfxdf sI. iesy qrHF sfnPrFissko jf ky Auh iemIgryÈn ienspYktr ey[ aYc[ eynsvrQ ƒ imilaf jo BfrqI iemIgryÈn nfl sbµDq sI. eynsvrQ ny brkly aqy stYnPorz dIaF XUnIvristIaF dy ividafrQIaF dIaF srgrmIaF dI rhwsmeI qsvIr pyÈ kIqI aqy ies bfry ibRitÈ srkfr dI byiDafnI AuWpr hYrfnI Ëfihr kIqI. iemIgryÈn dÌqr qoN iswDf Auh eyÈIanF ƒ bfhr kwZx leI bxI eysLIaftk aYksklUijLn lIg dy dÌqr igaf. AuQy Aus ny kuJ smF AunHF dIaF aÉbfrF dIaF ‘kwitkgjL’ dIaF PfielF dyKidaF lµGfieaf. sfnPrFissko ivc Aus ƒ svfmI iqRgnqI nF df iek muKbr vI iml igaf. svfmI iqRgnqI sfnPrFissko dI vydFqk susfietI ivc aiDafpk, vYbstr strIt AuWpr siQq ihµdU mµidr df pujfrI, aqy svfmI ivvykfnµd df cylf sI aqy klkwqy dy ivvykfnµd rfmfikRsnf imÈn nfl sbµDq sI. qfrknfQ dfs vydFqk susfietI df mYNbr bixaf sI aqy kuJ icr svfmI iqRgnqI nfl irhf sI. pr svfmI Aus ƒ psµd nhIN krdf sI. svfmI anusfr qfrknfQ dfs susfietI ƒ BfrqI ividafrQIaF aqy BfrqI iPlfsPI vwl afkriÈq kuJ gorIaF aOrqF ivcoN rfjnIqk pYrokfr pYdf krn leI vrqdf sI. AunHF ivc ies qrHF df JgVf sI. ies krky svfmI ny qfrknfQ dfs vwloN pRfpq sfihq aqy KqF dIaF kfpIaF KuÈI KuÈI hfpiknsn dy hvfly kr idwqIaF.

sfnPrFissko ivc afpxI irhfieÈ dy kuJ icr bfad Auh ibRitÈ kONsl jnrl dy dPqr igaf. AuQy jf ky Aus ƒ pqf lwgf ik kONsl jnrl dy stfP ƒ afpxy nwk hyTly ies Kqry (ijs qrHF Auh smJdf sI) bfry kuJ pqf nhIN sI. AuhdIaF irportF ny ies ivc qbdIlI ilaFdI. Aus ƒ XkIn sI ik Auhny ieMnf msflf iekwTf kr ilaf hY jo ieh drsfAuNdf hY ik qfrknfQ dfs BfrqI ividafrQIaF aqy mËdUrF ivckfr ienklfbI pRcfr krn vflf pRmuwK ivakqI sI. hfpiknsn anusfr ieh jfxkfrI qfrknfQ dfs dI amrIkn nfgirkqf leI idwqI arjLI ƒ rwd krn leI kfPI sI. brkly, sfnPrFissko aqy isafitl ienklfbI aµdoln dy muwK kyNdr sn aqy qfrknfQ dfs Aus df nyqf sI. hfpiknsn anusfr brkly kYNps (ijQy isrP 36 BfrqI ividafrQI dfKl sn) ies KVXµqr df kyNdrI awzf sI. ieQoN dy hflfq Aus dy ikafs nfloN vwD gµBIr sn. Aus ny isPfrÈ kIqI ik kONslr stfÌ ivc aijhy ivakqI dI inXukqI kIqI jfvy jo kYnyzf aqy amrIkf ivc rih rhI BfrqI kimAuintI bfry jfxkfrI rwKdf hovy. (29) asl ivc Auh afpxI inXukqI bfry pRsqfv rwK irhf sI. pr hfl dI GVI iesdf koeI vI nqIjf nf inkilaf.

akqUbr 1911 ivc, jdoN hfpiknsn ajy kYlfPornIaF ivc hI sI, lfrz grya dI gvrnr jnrl dI imafd Kqm ho geI. Aus dI QF ‘ihË rOiel hfeIns dI izAUk afP knHft’ gvrnr jnrl bx ky afieaf. ies nfl hfpiknsn dy rol AuWpr koeI asr nhIN ipaf. CyqIN hI nvyN gvrnr jnrl dI Aus bfry cµgI rfie bx geI aqy Auh Aus dy kµm ƒ kImqI smJx lwgf. iPr vI hfpiknsn nOkrI Cwzx bfry gwlF krn lwgf. Auh Aus ƒ imldI qnKfh krky nf KuÈ sI. Ausdf kihxf sI ik ieh qnKfh Ausdy joiKm Bry kµm df shI muwl nhIN pfAuNdI sI. PrvrI 1909 qoN mfrc 1912 qwk Aus ƒ 100 zflr pRqI mhInf imldy sn. mfrc 1912 ivc Aus ƒ mhIny dy 25 zflr vwD imlx lwgy. Auh 25 zflr pRqI mhInf hor cfhuµdf sI.(30) 1911 dIaF grmIaF ivc Aus ny jy[ aYc[ migwl dI gYrhfËrI ivc iemIgryÈn eyjµt dy qOr ’qy kµm kIqf sI. pr kuJ mhIny ipwCoN 1911 dI ielYkÈn ivc torIaF dI ijwq bfad jy[ aYc[ migwl nUM htf ky Aus dI jgHf mYlkm rIz ƒ lf idwqf igaf. ieh iek isafsI inXukqI sI. rIz ies gwloN kfiel sI ik jy qnKfh nf vDI qF hfpiknsn nOkrI Cwz ky clf jfvygf, ies leI Aus ny 1912 ivc Aus dI qnKfh vwDvfAux dI koiÈÈ kIqI. pr agly do mhIinaF ivc jo kuJ vfpiraf Aus ny hfpiknsn dy idmfg ivc ies iKafl ƒ bhuq ipwCy Dwk idwqf.

kYlfPornIaF dy dOry qoN iek sfl ipwCoN hfpiknsn ƒ dubfrf bfrzr qoN pfr amrIkf jfx dI iejfËq iml geI;(31) afpxy ies dOry dOrfn nvµbr 1912 aqy jnvrI 1913 ivc jdoN Auh isaftl aqy sfnPrFissko ivc sI Aus ƒ lflf hridafl dI amrIkf ivc hfËrI bfry pqf lwgf. Aus dy iKafl ivc lflf hridafl, qfrknfQ dfs nfloN vwD Kqrnfk sI. ies bfry Aus ƒ pihlI vfr nvµbr 1912 ivc isaftl jfx qy pqf lwgf pr Aus ny ies ƒ bhuqI mhwqqf nf idwqI. Aus anusfr hridafl iek amIr ihµdU sI ijs ny brkly ivc pVH rhy BfrqIaF ƒ 500 zflr dy vËIPy dI pyÈkÈ kIqI sI.(32) (Aus dI ieh sUcnf glq sI. asl ivc kYlfPornIaf dy stfktn dy eyrIey dy iek amIr iswK Pfrmr jvflf isµG ny hridafl nfl Cy vËIPy dyx df vfadf kIqf sI. (jnvrI 1913 ivc jdoN hfpiknsn sfnPrFissko jf ky nvyN ibRitÈ kONsl jnrl aYNzirAU kfringI rOs ƒ imilaf qF Aus ny hfpiknsn ƒ hridafl bfry bVI mhwqvpUrn gwl dwsI. hridafl, 23 dsµbr 1912 ƒ idwlI ivKy vfiesrfey lfrz hfrizµg AuWpr suwty bµb nfl sbµDq sI.(33) ies Kbr df iek somf mdrfs qoN afieaf iek iewwkI sflF df ividafrQI sI, jo pµj mhIny pihlF hridafl dy vËIPy dy Brosy brkly afieaf sI. vËIPy dI rkm df pRbµD nf ho sikaf pr Auh hridafl aqy hor pµjfbI aqy mdrfsI ividafrQIaF nfl iek Gr jF hostl ivc rih irhf sI. AuQy rihµidaF Aus ny keI gwlF suxIaF. Aus ny dwisaf ik hridafl rYzIkl klwb df sYktrI sI. ies dy mYNbrF ivc rUsI aqy polYNz dy soÈilst vI Èfiml sn. jdoN 23 dsµbr ƒ idwlI ivc lfrz hfrizµg AuWpr suwty bµb dI Kbr brkly phuµcI qF hridafl ny klwb dy keI mYNbrF ƒ Ìon kIqf aqy hr iek ƒ ikhf, ‘‘kI qusIN Kbr suxI hY? myry afdmIaF ivcoN iek ny lfrz hrizµg nfl kI kIqf hY.’’ hfpiknsn leI ieh sfijÈ ivc Èfiml hox df ibafn sI. 25 dsµbr ƒ lflf hirdafl ny brkly dy 15-20 BfrqI ividafrQIaF ƒ pfrtI dy ky ies kql dI koiÈÈ df jÈn mnfieaf. sfnPrFissko phuµcx dy 48 GµitaF dy aµdr aµdr hfpiknsn ny ieh Kbr Etfvf phuµcdI kr idwqI. QoVHI ijhI hor pVqfl krn ’qy Aus ƒ pqf lwgf ik hridafl idwlI ivc jnimaf, AuQoN dy stIPn kflj aqy iPr afksPorz ivc piVHaf aqy iPr PrFs ivc kuJ smF ibqfAux bfad zyZ sfl pihlF amrIkf phuµicaf sI.

aYmlI sI[ brfAUn vwloN hridafl dI ilKI jIvnI muqfbk hridafl amrIkf ivc iek BKdy dyÈ Bgq dy qOr ’qy phuµicaf pr Aus dIaF srgrmIaF qoN afpxy inÈfny AuWpr iekfgr hox df sµkyq nhIN imldf. amrIkf ivc QoVHy ijhy smyN dy pVfa dOrfn Aus ny keI kµm bdly. kdy Auh hfrvrz XUnIvristI ivc buwD Drm df ividafrQI sI, kdy Auh hvfeI ivc iek vYrfgI sI aqy kdy stYnPorz ivc BfrqI drÈn df lYkcrfr sI.(34) iek vfr KurHf imlx bfad hfpiknsn ny Ausqy kVI ingHf rwKI. eyNjl afeIlYNz, sfnPrFsisko dI iemIgryÈn srivs dy aisstYNt kimÈnr, iezsYWl qoN pircY pwqr lY ky hfpiknsn amrIkf dy jsits ivBfg dy spYÈl eyjµt klytn hYirµgtn ƒ imilaf. hYirµgtn dI mdd nfl zfkKfny dy iek klrk ƒ iqµn zflr hr roË aqy zfkIey ƒ Aus qoN QoVHy ijhy Gwt pYsy dyxy krky Auh hridafl dI afAux jfx vflI zfk AuWpr ingrfnI rwKx ivc kfmXfb ho igaf. lflf hridafldy lYkcrF ivc not lYx leI aqy Aus dy dosqF dy Gyry ivc GuspYT krn leI eyjµt iqafr krky hfpiknsn Etfvf af ky ivakqIgq qOr ’qy rIport dyx leI Ëor pfAux lwgf. ‘‘jo kuJ myry kol hY, jdoN qusIN Aus ƒ suxogy qF qusIN ies ƒ smyN aqy pYsy dI PjUlKrcI nhIN smJogy’’, hfpiknsn ny izptI minstr ƒ ikhf.(35)

Aus df aµdfËf TIk inkilaf. Aus ƒ 28 PrvrI ƒ stImr rfhIN inAUXfrk qoN lµzn jfx df hukm imilaf qF ik Auh ieµzIaf afiPs ƒ hridafl aqy AuWqrI amrIkf ivc ho rhIaF hor srgrmIaF bfry ivakqIgq qOr ’qy dws sky. Aus ny isPfirÈ kIqI ik sfnPrFissko ivc iksy ƒ sfl ivc Cy mhIny leI inXukq krnf cfhIdf hY.(36) (asl ivc Aus dI ieh isPfirÈ afpxy bfry sI). Etfvf aqy lµzn ny AuhdI ieh isPfirÈ mµn leI. nqIjy dy qOr ’qy ieµzIaf afiPs ny Aus ƒ 60 poNz (300 zflr) vËIPy dy aqy 60 poNz Krcy dy qOr ’qy dyxy ÈurU kr idwqy. ieh pYsy Aus ƒ iemIgryÈn ienspYktr dy qOr’qy imldI qnKfh (1500 zflr sflfnf) nfloN vwKry sn. (37) hux Auh lµzn ivc BfrqI srkfr dy eyjµt ƒ iswDf irport krn lwgf. iesdy nfl nfl Auh Etfvf ivc ientIrIar dy izptI minstr ƒ vI irport krdf sI. lµzn ivc BfrqI srkfr df eyjµt bµbeI df pulIs suprzYNt, jy[ ey[ vfilµjr sI jo lµzn ivc jfsUsI dy sbµD ivc afieaf sI. Aus df hfpiknsn nfl Kwq pwqr apRYl 1913 ivc ÈurU ho igaf jdoN vYnkUvr vfps phuµcdf hfpiknsn Etfvf phuµicaf. (38)

ies qrHF lflf hridafl ƒ amrIkf qoN kZvfAux leI muihµm ÈurU hoeI. izplomYitk pwDr AuWqy ibRitÈ rfjdUq ny amrIkf dy styt izpfrtmYNt nfl gwlbfq kIqI. jUn 1913 ivc ÈFq mhFsfgr dy kµZy dy amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ƒ hdfieqF imlIaF ik Auh lflf hridafl dy hr lYkcr ’qy jfx aqy not lYx. gupq rUp ivc hfpiknsn amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn ivBfg dI mwdd leI sbUq iekwTy krdf irhf. rfjdUqk dbfa kfrn amrIkf dy jsits ivBfg vloN spYÈl eyjµt hYirµgtn ƒ ies kys ivc mwdd leI inXukq kIqf igaf.(39) hfpiknsn jfxdf sI ik Aus ƒ aijhf kys iqafr krnf pYxf hY ijhVf amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn dI jFc awgy KVH sky. ies kys ivc hridafl dy dyÈBgq, aµgryË ivroDI jF sfmrfj ivroDI hox dy ielËfmF qoN vwD msflf loVINdf sI. ies leI Auhny hridafl dy arfjkqfvfdI ivcfrF vwl Jukfa, ieµzstrIal vrkrË afP dI vrlz (afeI zbilAU zbilAU) nfl sbµDF aqy arfjkqfvfdI lYkcrfr aYmf golzmYn nfl sbµDF dI sUh kwZI. hfpiknsn ny 1913-14 df isafl sfnPrFissko ivc lµGfieaf. Auh afpxI pqnI aqy do bwicaF ƒ vI nfl lY afieaf aqy EklYNz dy ielfky ivc 45 zflr mhInf qy iek PrinÈz mkfn ikrfey ’qy lY ky irhf. ienHF 45 zflrF ivcoN 35 zflr kYnyzIan srkfr vloN idwqy jFdy sn.(40) 25 mfrc 1914 ƒ amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ny sfnPrFissko dy bohImIan hfl ivc iek soÈilst mIitµg qoN bfad lflf hridafl ƒ igRPqfr kr ilaf. Aus ’qy doÈ lfieaf ik Auh arfjkqfvfdI hY aqy amrIkf ivc gYr-kfƒnI qOr ’qy rih irhf hY. ies Gtnf ƒ sfnPrFissko dIaF aKbfrF ny kfPI QF idwqI. amrIkf dy pwqrkfrF sfhmxy hridafl iekdm azol sI. Aus ny aKbfrF ƒ dwisaf, ‘‘ipCly keI mhIinaF qoN ibRitÈ jfsUs myrI jfsUsI kr rhy sn. pr mYN afpxIaF srgrmIaF KuwlHy rUp ivc krdf irhf. ienHF jfsUsF dI hfjLrI krky nf hI mYN afpxy ibafnF ƒ bdilaf hY aqy nf hI mYN afpxy aYlfnF ivc iksy iksm dI nrmI ilaFdI hY. myry leI ieh igRPqfrI koeI acµBf nhIN. mYN kfPI dyr qoN ies dI AuzIk kr irhf sI.’’(41) Aus ƒ dyÈ inkflf nhIN idwqf igaf sgoN jLmfnq Aupr irhf kr idwqf igaf. amrIkn iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ny ieh jfx ky bVI byiewËqI mihsUs kIqI ik hridafl amrIkf ivc ipCly iqµn sflF qoN kfƒnI qOr ’qy rih irhf sI. hridafl ny dlIlF idwqIaF ik jy mYƒ arfjkqfvfdI kihxf hY qF ies gwl df iKafl rwiKaf jfvy ik jdoN mYN eyQy afieaf sI AudoN myry ivcfr arfjkqfvfdI nhIN sn, sgoN myry ivcfrF ivc qbdIlI ieQy afAux qoN bfad afeI hY. amrIkI iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ny lflf hridafl df irkfrz iek BfrqI mËdUr nfl rlgwz kr idwqf sI. ies leI AunHF Aus df kys lµmy smyN qwk ltkfeI rwiKaf. hfpiknsn dy vYnkUvr dy sUhIaF ny Kbr idwqI ik hridafl ny afpxy amrIkf ivc rihx dy smyN ivckfr kuJ smF hnflUlU aqy suvf (iPjI) ivc gujfiraf hY. ies leI amrIkf ivc Aus dI irhfieÈ lgfqfr nhIN mµnI jf skdI.(42) pr ieh qsdIk nf ho sikaf. meI ivc hfpiknsn viȵgtn igaf aqy amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn dy kimÈnr jnrl, aYNQnI kYimntI, nfl hridafl dy kys bfry gwlbfq kIqI. kimÈnr ny Aus ƒ dwisaf ik Aus df mihkmf hux qwk pRfpq sbUqF dy afDfr ’qy koeI aYkÈn nhIN lY skdf.(43) grmIaF ivc kimÈnr aYNQnI kYimntI ƒ jnyvf qoN hridafl df iliKaf Kwq imilaf. Auh afpxy afp amrIkf Cwz ky cly igaf sI.(44)

ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik hridafl ƒ dyÈ inkflf idvfAux dI koiÈÈ ny Aultf asr kIqf. ies ny AuWqrI amrIkf dy BfrqI ienklfbIaF ƒ mksd aqy inÈcf pRdfn kIqf. hridafl bfry hfpiknsn ƒ pihlI vfr pqf lwgx aqy Aus dy amrIkf Cwz ky sivtrËlYNz jfx qwk dy ivckfr dy smyN dOrfn sLFq mhFsfgr dy kµZy AuWpr gdr lihr kfPI vDI PuwlI. meI 1913 ivc lflf hridafl ny ‘ihµdU aYsosIeyÈn afP pYsyiPk kost’ dI nINh rwKI. gdr pfrtI iesy aYsosIeyÈn df vfDf sI. nvµbr 1913 ivc gdr aKbfr df pihlf aµk inkilaf. gdr pfrtI df pihlIaF jQybµdIaF nfloN jo vwKryvF sI, Auh sI ies vloN ihµsf dI ihmfieq. BfrqI srkfr aqy ieµzIaf afiPs leI ieh icµqf vflI gwl sI. idwlI ivc krImnl ientYlIjYNs dy zfierYktr sI[ afr[ klIvlYNz ny 11 meI 1914 ƒ iliKaf, ‘‘mYN ÈFq mhFsfgr dy kµZy dy iswKF aqy dUsry pµjfbIaF dy qIbr asµqoK ƒ ies smyN dI ihµdusqfnI isafsI hflq df sB qoN bdqrIn pwK smJdf hF.’’(45) pr ieh vI kI ivaµg sI ik gdr lihr df vrqfrf hfpiknsn vloN hridafl bfry idwqI pihlI irport qoN bfad vriqaf. awg lwgx qoN pihlF GµtI KVkfeI geI sI. ies qrHF dy iDafn qoN ibnF gdr pfrtI eyzI Cfp nhIN sI lf skdI ijµnI ik Auh lfAux ivc kfmXfb ho geI.

klIvlYNz ny iswKF ivc gdr dy pRfpygµzy df ivroD krn leI kYlfPornIaf ivc afpxy eyjµt Byjx bfry soicaf. Aus ny ies bfry POjI aiDkfrIaF, pµjfb srkfr aqy BfrqI srkfr dy gRih, ivAupfr aqy snaqI ivBfgF dy AuWc-aiDkfrIaF nfl gwlbfq kIqI.(46) hfpiknsn ƒ ies bfry kirmnl ientYlIjYNs afiPs dy srkulr (jo Aus ƒ vfilµgr qoN pRfpq hoieaf) qoN pqf lwgf. Aus ƒ ieh iKafl cµgf nf lwgf. Aus dy iKafl ivc ieh iek qrHF df imÈnrI kfrj sI aqy ies dy sPl hox dI sµBfvnf Gwt sI. iesdy nfl hI Ausdf ivcfr sI ik ieh kµm, kµm krn vfly lokF leI Kqrnfk ho skdf sI. ies dI QF Aus ny kYnyzf afDfirq KuPIaf sUhIaf eyjµsI bxfAux df suJfa idwqf. Aus ny ieh ikhf nhIN pr spwÈt hI sI ik aijhI eyjµsI ivc Auh vwzf rol adf krygf.(47) Aus dy kµm df Gyrf idnoN idn vwD irhf sI. Aus ny amrIkf dy iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ƒ imlx aqy XUrp qoN afAuNdy avfsIaF ƒ ‘cYWk’ krn leI smyN smyN inAUXfrk df dOrf krn dI slfh idwqI ijhVI mµn leI geI. hux Aus ƒ dovyN smuµdrI qwtF (ÈFq aqy aÈFq mhFsfgr dy qwt) AuWpr ingHf rwKxI pYNdI sI. Ausdy Krc vwD gey sn -11,000 zflr sfnPrFissko ivc srdIaF ivc rihx dy aqy 350 zflr inAUXfrk df iek gyVHf lfAux dy. 20 meI 1914 ƒ gvrnr jnrl, dI izAUk afP knHft ny nvyN qrHF dy pRbµD df anuroD kIqf. kflonIal sYktrI ilAUs hfrkot ƒ ByjI iek KUPIaf izspYc ivc Aus ny iliKaf, ik hfpiknsn iek kImqI aPsr hY aqy iek bhuq hI mhwqvpUrn kµm kr irhf sI.(48) knHft ny ies sbµD ivc do muÈiklF vwl iDafn idvfieaf. Aus dy iKafl ivc pihlI muÈikl ieh sI ik hfpiknsn AuWqy bhuq kuwJ inrBr sI. jy Aus ƒ kuJ ho igaf qF Aus df jfsUsI df ZFcf Zih-ZyrI ho jfvygf. Aus muqfbk dUjI muÈikl ieh sI ik kYnyzIan srkfr Ausdf bhuqf Krcf AuTf rhI hY jdoN ik Aus dI jFc df iËafdf sbµD BfrqI srkfr dy ihwqF nfl hY. ieh vI KqrHf sI ik ikqy hfAUs afP kfmnË dy mYNbrF ƒ Aus dy KricaF df pqf nf lwg jfey. AunHF dy svfl AuTflx nfl jo pRcfr hovygf, Aus nfl hfpiknsn dy kµm AuWpr asr pY skdf hY.

ieh izspYc afAux qoN pihlF hfpiknsn ny kuJ idn Etfvf ivc guËfry. aµdfËf lfieaf jf skdf hY ik ienHF idnF ivc Aus ny gvrnr jnrl awgy afpxf pwK pyÈ kIqf hovygf. (49) agly do mhIny ies bfry hor kuJ krn leI Aus ƒ bhuqf smF nhIN imilaf. 21 meI qoN julfeI 23 qwk Auh kfmfgftfmfrU (pµjfbIaF nfl Biraf jhfjL jo 21 meI nUM kYnyzf phuMicaf. ieh pµjfbI kYnyzf ivc avfsIaF dy qOr’qy Auqrn ivc nfkfmXfb rhy) dy sbµD ivc msrUP irhf. ienHF pµjfbI avfsIaF aqy kYnyzIan aiDkfrIaF ivckfr koeI ihµsfqmk Gtnf (ijs nfl ihµdusqfnI dyÈBgqF ƒ afpxf aµdoln awgy iljfx ivwc mwdd iml skdI sI) Gtn qoN bcfAux leI afpxI pUrI koiÈÈ kr Ausny kYnyzIan aqy aµgRyË sfmrfjI srkfr dI cµgI syvf kIqI. kfmfgftfmfrU dy kYnyzIan pfxIaF ivwcoN kwZy jfx dy do hPiqaF aµdr hI hfpiknsn ny ieQy nvF mhwqvpUrn rol sµBfilaf. 4 agsq ƒ aµgryËF ny jrmnI ivruwD jµg df aYlfn kr idwqf. 11 agsq ƒ hfpiknsn ny irport kIqI ik Aus smyN, jdoN aµgryË XUrp ivc jµg ivc AulJy hoey sn, ihµdusqfnI ienklfbI ÈFq mhFsfgr dy kµiZaF AuWpr rihµdy ihµdusqfnIaF ivc ivafpk rUp ivc ihµdusqfn muVn aqy aµgryjL ivruwD hiQafr cuwkx leI pRcfr kr rhy sn. (50) ienklfbIaF vwloN ieh kfrvfeI ibnF iksy luwk lukfa dy kIqI jf rhI sI. hfpiknsn ƒ ies bfry swB qoN pihlF portlYNz (Erygn) dy iek aKbfr ivc CpI iek khfxI qoN pqf lwgf. ies khfxI ivc iliKaf sI ik aYstrIaf Èihr dI hYmµz imwl ivc kµm krn vfly awDy pµjfbI kµm Cwz ky gwzI jF byVI rfhIN sfnPrFissko jfx leI rvfnf ho gey sn aqy bcdy awDy jfx dIaF iqafrIaF ivc sn qF ik Auh hox vfly gdr ivc ihwsf lY skx. idnF ivc hI ieµzIaf afiPs, ibRitÈ afiPs aqy kYnyzf dy ientIirar dy mihkmy ny jfxkfrI iekwTI krn df iek sµgTn kfiem kr ilaf. ies sµgTn df Durf hfpiknsn sI. sfnPrFissko qoN jfx vfilaF dIaF ilstF AuQoN df ibRitÈ kfAuNslr kfrngI rOs kYnyzf dy gvrnr jnrl ƒ Byjdf qF ik hfpiknsn AunHF dI CfxbIx kr sky aqy ihµdusqfn ƒ qfr rfhIN Byj sky.(51) hux hfpiknsn df idwlI ivc kirmnl ientYlIjYNs dy zfierYktr jnrl sr cfrls klIvlYNz nfl iswDf sµprk sI.(52) Aus dy KqF aqy qfrF ny gdr pfrtI dy ikµny hI srgrm mYNbrF dI pCfx krn ivc ihwsf pfieaf ijhVy bfad ivc ihµdusqfn phuµcx qy igRÌqfr kr ley gey.

21 akqUbr1914 ƒ myvf isµG ny hfpiknsn ƒ golI mfr idwqI. ieh iek sfDfrx kql nhIN sgoN iek isafsI krqwv sI. golI mfrn dI Gtnf vYnkUvr dI kcihrI (vYnkUvr kort hfAUs) ivc vfprI aqy kfql ny kql qoN bfad nwsx dI koiÈÈ nhIN kIqI. bfad ivc mukwdmy dOrfn Ausny doÈ df iekbfl kr ilaf. ieh golI iksy hnyrI glI ivc vI mfrI jf skdI sI pr myvf isµG ÈhIdI pfAuxI cfhuµdf sI. 12 hPiqaF bfad (jdoN Aus ƒ PFsI lfieaf igaf) Aus ƒ Èhfdq pRfpq ho geI. puils ny keI hor ivakqIaF AuWpr ies kql dI sfijÈ df ieljLfm lfieaf pr Auh ies leI sbUq nf lwB sky. jy myvf isµG ny ieh kql afpxy afp iekwilaF kIqf sI qF vI ies kql dI kimAUintI leI jo mhwqqf sI Aus ƒ Auh cµgI qrHF smJdf sI.(53) myvf isµG ny hfpiknsn ƒ Aus dy kµmF krky golI nhIN mfrI sgoN ies krky golI mfrI ikAuik hfpiknsn ihµdusqfn AuWpr rfj kr rhy aµgRyË sfmrfj df icµnH sI, Ausdf numfieµdf sI. vYnkUvr dy iswKF aqy dUjy ihµdusqfnIaF dIaF nËrF ivc Auh iek ZuwkvF inÈfnf sI. hfpiknsn df kql krky myvf isµG ny afpxI kurbfnI ieh imwQ ky idwqI sI ik ies nfl Aus dy dyÈvfsIaF dy mn aqy idmfg tuµby jfxgy. Aus dy ies aml ƒ gdr pfrtI vwloN ihµdusqfnIaF ƒ hiQafr lY ky vfips dyÈ muVn aqy aµgRyËF ivruwD lVfeI lVn dy idwqy swdy dy ipCokV ivc dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ies dy nfl hI ieh kql hfpiknsn dy muKbrF dy aqy AunHF dy duÈmnF dy kqlF dI lVI df hI iek ihwsf sI. ieh kql hfpiknsn dy iek muKbr vwloN swq hPqy pihlF gurduafry ivwc golI clf ky do afdmIaF ƒ mfrn aqy keIaF ƒ ËÉmI krn dI Gtnf df bdlf sI. ieh vI ho skdf hY ik ieh aml myvf isµG vwloN pÈcfqfp krn aqy kuJ mhIny pihlF rIvflvr smgl krn dy kys smyN lµbI sËf qoN bwcx leI kimAuntI dy lIzrF ivruwD idwqy ibafnF kfrn afpxy vwkfr AuWpr pey asr ƒ dUr krn leI kIqf hovy.(54)
kYnyzIan srkfr vwloN hfpiknsn dy kql dI Kbr ibRitÈ aqy ihµdusqfnI srkfr ƒ phuµcfeI geI. ihµdusqfn dy sYktrI afP styt ny 26 akqUbr nUM qfr rfhIN vfiesrfey ƒ dwisaf, ‘‘hfpiknsn df kql Aus vwloN ihµdusqfn leI kIqy kµmF krky hoieaf hY.’’(55) hfpiknsn dI ivDvf ƒ ihµdusqfnI srkfr ny 500 poNz (2500 kYnyzIan zflr) ‘sIkryt srivs Pµz’ ivcoN idwqy. pihlF vfiesrfey aijhf krn qoN iJjkdf sI Kfs krky kYnyzIan aÉbfrF ivc ies bfry CwpIaF ÉbrF pVH ky. Auh dyK skdf sI ik kYnyzIan aÉbfrF ivc Cpy anumfnF aqy myvf isµG dy mukwdmy dOrfn pyÈ gvfhIaF ivc hfpiknsn dy ihµdusqfnI aµgryjL srkfr nfl sbµDF bfry koeI sµkyq nhIN idwqy gey sn. kYnyzIan aÉbfrF ny kql ƒ hfpiknsn vwloN kfmfgftfmfrU dy sbµD ivc kIqy kµmF nfl joiVaf sI. vfiesrfey ny slfh idwqI ik ieh iQAUrI Auicq jfpdI hY. nfl hI Aus soicaf ik kYnyzf dy iek iemIgryÈn aPsr dy pirvfr ƒ shfieqf dyxI ihµdusqfnI srkfr leI isafxI gwl nhIN hovygI. ies nfl ihµdusqfnI srkfr AuWpr ieh doÈ lwg skdf sI ik Aus ny kYnyzf qoN ihµdusqfnI avfsIaF ƒ kwZx ivc kYnyzIan srkfr dI mwdd kIqI sI. Auh pUrI qrHF coks rihxf cfhuµdf sI BfvyN ieh rkm gupq Pµz ivcoN idwqI jfxI sI aqy ies df Byd bfhr nhIN kwiZaf jfxf sI. lµzn srkfr df juafb bVf spwÈt sI, ‘‘ieµzIaf df hfpiknsn pRqI koeI PrË bxdf sI.’’(56) ies qoN bfad vfiesrfey ny Jwt afpxI svIikRqI dy idwqI, ‘‘asIN pihlF hI kih cuwky hF ik hfpiknsn dy pirvfr df muafvËy leI pUrf hwk bxdf hY.’’(57) kYnyzIan srkfr ieµnI diraf idwl nhIN sI. Aus ny hfpiknsn dI pqnI ƒ ieµmIgryÈn ivBfg ivc 1000 zflr slfnf qnKfh Aupr stYnogrfPr dI nOkrI pyÈ kIqI. kYnyzIan srkfr ny Aus ƒ koeI iekwTI rkm nhIN idwqI sI.(58)

hfpiknsn dI mOq qoN dUjy idn gvrnr jnrl ny jfnxf cfihaf ik AusdI QF Brn leI kI kIqf jf irhf hY. ientIrar mihkmy dy izptI minstr ny Aus ƒ dwisaf ik Aus ƒ afs hY ik ieµzIaf afiPs hfpiknsn dI Xogqf aqy drjy df aPsr lwB lvygI, pr ajy qwk ies bfry koeI sUcnf pRfpq nhIN hoeI. ‘‘muwZ ivc imstr hfpiknsn sfƒ Aus hI srivs rfhIN pRfpq hoieaf sI.’’(59) izptI minstr korI 1909 ivc vI izptI minstr sI aqy Aus ny hfpiknsn dI inXukqI kIqI sI. Aus dy ienHF ÈbdF qoN aµdfËf lfieaf jf skdf sI ik 1909 ivc ihµdusqfnI srkfr ny hI hfpiknsn ƒ kYnyzf Byijaf sI. cfr nvµbr 1914 ƒ ihµdusqfn dy sYktrI afP styt ny jvfb Byijaf ik hfpiknsn dI mOq nfl KflI hoeI QF nhIN BrI jfvygI aqy kYnyzIan iemIgryÈn ivBfg ƒ ihµdusqfnI avfsIaF dIaF isafsI srgrmIaF dI jfsUsI krn dI loV nhIN. pr nfl hI ieh vI ikhf igaf sI ik jo iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ƒ ies bfry koeI jfxkfrI hfsl hovy qF Auh agFh phuµcdI kr dyx. ieµzIaf afiPs dy PYsly anusfr hfpiknsn vflf kµm krn leI iek iemIgryÈn aPsr df Bys TIk nhIN sI. ies bfry kYnyzIan aiDkfrIaF ƒ koeI ieqrfË nhIN sI ikAuNik Auh vI ies hI iswty AuWpr puwjy sn. iPr vI kYnyzIan aiDkfrIaF dI Dfrnf sI ik Aus dI QF iksy nf iksy rUp ivc ËrUr BrI jfvygI.(60) hor puwC igwC krn AuWpr kflonIal sYktrI lfrz hfrkot ny gvrnr jnrl ƒ hyTF idwqy sunyhy Byjy :

(21 jnvrI 1915) ‘‘ies smyN Bfrq srkfr ÈFq mhF sfgr dy kµZy AuWpr ihµdusqfnIaF dIaF bfgIafnf kfrvfeIaF dI sUh rwKx leI koeI nvF pRbµD krn leI iqafr nhIN.[[[’’(61)

(10 apRYl 1915) ‘‘ihµdusqfn dy sYktrI afP styt, lfrz krIvI vwloN spwÈt bynqI kIqI jFdI hY ik ies smyN jµg dy dOrfn ihµdusqfnI srkfr df ÈFq mhFsfgr dy kµZy AuWpr iksy eyjµt dI inXukqI df koeI ivcfr nhIN hY.’’(62)

ienHF sunyihaF ƒ ijAuN df iqAuN nhIN mµn lYxf cfhIdf. AuWqrI amrIkf qoN prq ky gey pµjfbIaF ny PrvrI 1915 ivc pµjfb ivc insPl bgfvq kIqI. ies bgfvq dy pRyrxf sroq sfnPrFissko, vYnkUvr aqy ivktorIaf ivc rih rhy ienklfbI sn.(63) kflonIal sYktrI dy ÈbdF ivc, ‘‘ieh bgfvq hfpiknsn vwloN kIqy kµm dI kImq dwsdI sI.’’(64) aqy ieh kµm ajy muwkf nhIN sI. ies bgfvq dOrfn igRÌqfr kIqy gey lokF dy mukwdimaF dI suxvfeI 26 apRYl 1915 ƒ ÈurU hoeI. Bfrq srkfr ies sbµD ivc hr qrHF dy sbUq iekwTy kr rhI sI. Auh jfxnf cfhuµdy sn ik AuWqrI amrIkf ivcoN hor ikµny BfrqI vfips prqxf cfhuµdy sn aqy AuhnF ivwcoN ikµny Kqrnfk sn.(65) Auh ieh vI jfnxf cfhuµdy sn ik ies smyN jrmn kI kr rhy sn. 1914 dy aKIr qy sfnPrFissko dy jrmn kfAuNslyt ny qfrknfQ dfs rfhIN gdrIaF nfl sbµD bxfey sn.(66) 1915 dIaF grmIaF qwk kYnyzIan aiDkfrIaF ƒ pqf lwg cuwkf sI ik AuWqrI amrIkf ivc jrmn BfrqI ienklfbIaF dI mflI mdd kr rhy sn.(67) ieµzIaf afiPs aqy BfrqI srkfr AuWqrI amrIkf ivc jfsUsI bµd krn dy PYsly qoN bhuq dUr sn.

afrkfeIvË ivc imldy sbUqF anusfr 1916-1918 ivckfr AuWqrI amrIkf ivc rfbrt nfQn Bfrq df ‘aµzrkvr’ jfsUs sI. Auh isvl srivs ivcoN irtfier hoieaf AuWc-aiDkfrI sI. Auhny Bfrq ivc 26 sfl kµm kIqf sI. Auh vfiesrfey df pRfeIvyt sYktrI aqy pUrbI bµgfl aqy afsfm dIaF srkfrF df cIP sYktrI rih cuwkf sI.(68) hfpiknsn vFg lµzn ivc Ausdf sµprk vI jI[ ey[ vfilµgr nfl sI.(69) Aus dy bwjt ivc pYsy dy ky jfxkfrI hfsl krn df Krcf vI Èfiml sI. Auh afpxy sUihaF aqy jy[ ey[ vfilµgr nfl gvrnr jnrl dy dÌqr rfhIN sµprk rwKdf sI. vYnkUvr ivc Aus df eyjµt mYlkm rIz sI.(70)[[[ kYnyzf ivc nfQn ƒ hr qrHF df sihXog pRfpq sI. 1916 dy ÈUrU ivc bI[ sI[ dIaF qfr Byjx vflIaF kµpnIaF hr BfrqI jF cIny vwloN ByjI jFdI jF Aus ƒ afAux vflI qfr rsqy ivc rokdIaF sn.(71) ienHF qfrF dIaF kfpIaF nfQn, zumIinan puils kimÈnr aqy ‘prYs sYNsr’ dy cIP ƒ ByjIaF jFdIaF sn. ienHF ivcoN bhuqIaF qfrF Kfs mhwqv vflIaF nhIN sI huµdIaF. AunHF ivc bhuqf krky kµmF kfrF bfry hI gwlbfq huµdI. ijvyN, ‘‘jy koeI kµm hoieaf qF pqf dyvIN. pYsy ikµny imldy hn? mYN iekwlf hI hF’’ jF vfrznr ƒ CyqIN af jf. qyry aqy jgq isµG leI kµm hYgf.’’ jF, ‘‘qUµ aqy Drmpfl CyqIN af jfAu. imwl somvfr ƒ cwlxI hY.”(72) jdoN zumIinan pulIs kimÈnr ny slfh idwqI ik aijhy sunyhy iekwTy krn df koeI Pfiedf nhIN qF Ausƒ awigAuN juafb imilaf ik nfQn ienHF ƒ kImqI smJdf hY. ieh kfrvfeI jµg Kqm hox dy iek sfl bfad dsµbr 1919 qwk cldI rhI.(73) ieh hor smF cldI rihxI sI jy jµg dOrfn kfiem kIqf sYNsriÈp pRbµD lfgU rihµdf.

nfQn df sfbkf iemIgryÈn eyjµt afr[ jy[ rIz nfl nyVy df sbµD sI. jnvrI 1915 ivc rIz ƒ iemIgryÈn mihkmy ivcoN htf ibRitÈ kolµbIaf df zumInIan iemIgryÈn ienspYktr bxf idwqf igaf sI.(74) ieh qbdIlI iek ‘izmoÈn’ jfpdI sI. bfad ivc rIz ny ies bfry iÈkfieq vI kIqI sI ik iemIgryÈn df aisstYNt suprzYNt, tI[ blyk rObrtsn, ijsny ies bdlI dI isPfrÈ kIqI sI rIz ƒ Ausdy AurIaYNtl iemIgryÈn bfry njLrIey krky psµd nhIN sI krdf.(75) hfpiknsn dI mOq kfrn axgOly rih gey jfsUsI dy kµm ƒ, ieDroN AuDroN QoVHI bhuq jfxkfrI iPr qoN iekwTI krnI ÈurU krky rIz ny afpxy leI nvF kµm lwB ilaf sI. pihlF vI, hfpiknsn dI vYnkUvr qoN gYrhfËrI smyN rIz ieh kµm bVy mjLy nfl kiraf krdf sI. 1911 ivc hfpiknsn ny ientIrar dy izptI minstr dI mdd nfl zumIinan puils Pors (iek hiQafr-rihq PYzrl Pors jo afpxy jfsUsI dy kµmF leI dUjIaF eyjµsIaF qy inrBr krdI sI) ivc kFstybl dI inXukqI aqy iek bYj hfsl kr ilaf sI. Aus smyN rIz ny vI ies Pors ivc inXukqI leI koiÈÈ kIqI sI ikAuNik Auh hfpiknsn dy kµm vwl afkriÈq sI.(76)

‘‘iemIgryÈn aPsr afpxy iemIgryÈn dy kµm nfl hI sbµD rwKx’’ vrgIaF hdfieqF dy bfvjUd vI rIz df rol vwD igaf sI. iesdf kfrn ieh sI ik iemIgryÈn aÌsrF ƒ ieh vI ikhf igaf sI ik jy AunHF ƒ koeI jfxkfrI pRfpq hovy qF Auh Aus ƒ ËrUr agFh Byjx. ies leI Auh hr cIË dIaF iqµn kfpIaF-iek mihkmy leI, iek gvrnr jnrl leI aqy iek lµzn leI-bxfAuNdy. hfpiknsn dy smyN qoN cwlI af rhI rvfieq anusfr iemIgryÈn aiDkfrIaF ƒ zfkKfny vloN zfk ivcoN kwZ ky mnHf kIqy hoey BfrqI aKbfrF dIaF kfpIaF aqy sfnPrFissko dy ibRitÈ kONsl jnrl aYNzirAU kfringI rOs vloN ByjIaF jFdIaF irportF bkfiedgI nfl pRfpq huµdIaF. agsq 1914 ivc rOs ƒ hdfieqF imlIaF sn ik Auh hfpiknsn dI CfxbIx leI Bfrq ƒ jf rhy musfPrF dIaF ilstF Byjy aqy AudoN qoN hI Auh Bfrq nfl sbµDq smwgrI vYnkUvr dy iemIgryÈn dy dPqr (vfiȵgtn ivc siQwq ibRitÈ sPfrqKfny dI QF) rfhIN hI Byjdf af irhf sI.(77) iesy qrHF hfpiknsn dy iqafr kIqy BfrqI muwKbr hux vI iemIgryÈn dy dPqr af phuµcdy.(78) ies qrHF jfsUsI dIaF gqIivDIaF cldIaF rhIaF aqy rIz AunHF df iencfrj bx igaf. BfvyN rIz df ahudf iemIgryÈn eyjµt ey[ aYP[ joilP dI ingrfnI hyT nhIN afAuNdf sI pr Aus df dPqr iemIgryÈn iblizµg ivc dUsrI Cwq ’qy iek inwky ijhy kmry ivwc sI ijs df ipClf ihwsf ipClIaF pOVIaF nfl lwgdf sI. ieh QF Aus leI bhuq Pfiedymµd sI ikAuNik Aus ƒ imlx vfly gupq rUp ivc imlx af skdy sn.(79) 1916 qwk Auh zumIinan puils kimÈnr aqy prYs sYNsriÈp srivs dy ÈFq mhF sfgr dy kµZy dy eyjµt dy qOr ’qy kµm krn lwg ipaf sI. ies dy nfl hI Auh vYnkUvr ivc nfQn df sµprk sI.(80) Auh cIinaF aqy BfrqIaF dI ingrfnI krdf sI. ies kµm leI Aus ƒ bI[ sI[ qoN lY ky mYksIko dy bfrzr qwk afAuxf jfxf pYNdf sI. bfad ivc AusdI ingrfnI dy Gyry ivc tryz XUnIanF vI Èfml kr idwqIaF geIaF sn. ies qrHF jfsUsI dy mfmly ivc rIz bI[ sI[ dI iek pRmuwK hsqI bx igaf sI. 1918 ivc pwCmI kYnyzf ivc rOiel kYnyzIan nfrQ vYst mfAuNitz puils ny zumIinan puils koloN jfsUsI dy kµm df cfrj lY ilaf. rIz dy srpRsq vYnkUvr qoN pfrlImYNt dy mYNbr aYc[ aYc[ stIvnË dy Ëor pfAux ’qy vI mfAuNitz puils ny rIz ƒ afpxy ivc Èfml krn qoN nFh kr idwqI. AunHF ƒ rIz dIaF PfielF cfhIdIaF sn rIz nhIN.(81) jfpdf hY 1936 ivc afpxI mOq qwk, iek iemIgryÈn aPsr dy qOr ’qy rIz ny ibRitÈ ientYlIjYNs nfl kµm krnf vI jfrI rwiKaf. Aus dy jfsUsI dy kµm ƒ vYnkUvr iemIgryÈn ivBfg dI spYÈl eyjµsI dy nF hyT iemIgryÈn mihkmy nfl inÈicq rUp ivc Èfml kr ilaf igaf sI. 1923-24 ivc ies eyjµsI df bjt 7927-28 zflr sI. ies ivcoN rIz dI qnKfh aqy KricaF qoN ibnF do stYnogrfPrF, iek Puwl tfeIm cInI duBfÈIey aqy iek pfrt-tfeIm pµjfbI duBfÈIey dI qnKfh idwqI jFdI sI.(82)

ies jfsUsI dI khfxI df muwK kFz 1918 ivc Kqm hoieaf. agsq 1915 qwk gdr lihr dy bhuqy nyqf Bfrq jF brmf dIaF jylHF ivc sn aqy sYNkVy BfrqI ijhVy AuWqrI amrIkf aqy Dur pUrb dy dyÈF qoN gdr ivc ihwsf lYx leI prqy sn afpxy ipµzF dIaF hwdF aµdr kYd sn. jrmnf vloN vwzI igxqI ivc hiQafr phuµcfAux dI skIm isry nhIN cVHI sI. gdr dI khfxI Kqm ho geI sI. jo kuJ bfkI sI Auh sI 1915-1918 dy ivckfr lfhOr, mFzly, sfnPrFissko aqy iÈkfgo ivc cly sfijÈ dy kysF dI lVI. AuWqrI amrIkf aqy Dur pUrb dy dyÈF ivc bcdy gdr pfrtI dy Coty Coty sYWlF ivc jQybµdk aqy afpsI qflmyl bhuq Gwt sI. gdr lihr dy smrwQk iekdm aqy ibnf iksy luk-lukfa dy vfps prqy sn aqy AunHF ivcoN bhuqy ihµdusqfn phuµcdy hI igRPqfr ho gey sn. iesdy bfvjUd sr mfeIkl Auzvfier anusfr AusdI pµjfb dI gvrnr jnrliÈwp dOrfn gdr dI sfijÈ surwiKaf leI sB qoN vwzf Kqrf sI.(83) ies leI Auh aqy Ausdy aiDkfrI ies gwl sKqI nfl inpty. 1915 dy lfhOr dy mukwdmy dOrfn tRIibAunl ny cOvIaF ƒ PFsI dI sjLf suxfeI BfvyN AunHF ivcoN CyaF AuWpr hI vwzy jurm df doÈ sI. vfiesrfey ‘Gwt doÈ vfilaF df Gfx’ nhIN sI krnf cfhuµdf, ies leI Aus ny aTfrF dI sjLf Gwt kr idwqI. pr Aus ƒ ies gwl df aihsfs sI ik Aus dI ies nrmI df aYNglo ieµzIan ivc cµgf pRBfv nhIN sI.(84) gdr dI sfijÈ dy sbµD ivc lfhOr aqy mFzly ivc kuwl imlf ky 173 ivakqIaF AuWpr mukwdmy clfey gey ijnHF ivcoN 23 ƒ PFsI aqy 88 ƒ Aumr kYd dI sjLf hoeI.

blvµq isµG, jo vYnkUvr dy gurduafry df sfbkf gRµQI sI aqy hrnfm isµG ijs dI ivktorIaf ivc ‘grosrI’ dI dukfn huµdI sI, dy kysF qoN pqf lwgdf hY ik iks qrHF ienHF kysF ivc AuWqrI amrIkf ivc iekwTy kIqy sbUq vrqy gey. hrnfm isµG ƒ sqµbr 1914 ivc sfnPrFissko qoN dyÈ inkflf idwqf igaf sI aqy bfad ivc Aus ƒ brmf ivc igRPqfr kIqf igaf sI. Aus ivruwD muwK sbUq hfpiknsn ny lwBy sn jdoN Auh ivktorIaf ivc iswky bfrUd smyq PVy do iswKF dI qPqIÈ kr irhf sI. ienHF sbUqF ivc bµb bxfAux sbµDI iliKaf iek Kwq, iek imxqI krn vflf glfs aqy ds ieµc lµbf iPAUË Èfml sI. ieh sB kuJ hfpiknsn ƒ hrnfm isµG dI dukfn aqy Gr dI qlfÈI dOrfn imilaf sI.(85) Bfrq srkfr ƒ koeI gvfh cfhIdf sI ijhVf Aus Kwq ƒ adflq ivc pCfx sky. hfpiknsn mr cuwkf sI, pr AusdI irport ivc ivktorIaf dy jfsUs iejLrf kfrlo df nF drj sI. Bfrq srkfr dI bynqI ’qy iejLrf kfrlo ƒ brmf Byjx df pRbµD kIqf igaf.(86) kYnyzf ivc ies afDfr AuWqy koeI mukwdmf nhIN clfieaf igaf pr rµgUn ivc ieh hI sbUq hrnfm isµG ƒ PFsI dI sjLf idvfAux leI kfPI sn. iesy qrHF blvµq isMG dsµbr 1914 ivc kYnyzf qoN igaf. agsq 1915 ivc isafsI puils ny Aus ƒ bYNkfk qoN igRPqfr krky isµGfpur Byj idwqf. isµGfpur qoN Ausƒ klkwqy dI alIpur jylH ivc Byijaf igaf aqy aKIr julfeI 1916 ivc Ausƒ pµjfb ilaFdf igaf. Aus Aupr mojy, Xokohfmf, ivktorIaf, vYnkUvr sumfs, sfnPrFissko, hnflUlU aqy bYNkfk ivc jµg CyVn, jµg BVkfAux aqy jµg CyVn dI koiÈÈ krn dy ielËfm lfey gey. Aus ivruwD muwK gvfh Auh lok sn jo vYnkUvr ivc hfpiknsn aqy rIz leI muwKbrI kiraf krdy sn Kfs krkyy bylf isµG aqy zf: rGunfQ isµG. blvµq isµG ƒ PFsI dI sjf idvfAux ivc AunHF dI gvfhI df vwzf hwQ sI. AunHF afpxI gvfhI ivc ikhf ik blvµq isµG jfpfn, ibRitÈ kolµbIaf aqy kYlyPornIaf ivc iswK sroiqaF awgy bfgIafnf BfÈn idaf krdf sI.(87) iek vfr Pyr ijhVy kfrnF krky kYnyzf ivc mukwdmf vI nhIN clfieaf igaf Auh kfrn BfrqI tRIibAunl dy PYsly ivc PFsI dyx df kfrn bxy.

1917 ivc jµg ivc Èfml hox qoN bfad amrIkf ny ibRitÈ dbfa hyT AunHF lokF AuWpr mukwdmf clfieaf ijhVy jrmn-gdr plft ivc Èfml sn.(88) iehnF lokF ivc sfnPrFissko ivc jrmnI df kfAuNsl jnrl PrFj bop, kuJ hor jrmn aqy amrIkn aqy gdr pfrtI dy 17 nyqf Èfml sn. mfrc 1917 ivc nfQn dI sUh kfrn cµdrfkFq cwkrvrqI PiVaf igaf. cwkrvrqI dsµbr 1915 ivc gdr pfrtI df pRDfn bixaf sI.(89) cwkrvrqI dy mUµh Kolx qy keI hor lok PVy gey. jUn 1917 ivc ibRitÈ srkfr ny sfnPrFissko aqy iÈkfgo dy mukwdimaF ivc gvfhF dy qOr ’qy swq kYdI Bfrq qoN kYnyzf ilaFdy. ieh kYdI BfrqI puils dI ingrfnI hyT ilaFdy gey. kYnyzf ivc Auh mYlkm rIz dI ingrfnI hyT iemIgryÈn mihkmy dy hvfly kr idwqy gey. vYnkUvr qoN ieh kYdI ryl rfhIN rIjfienf Byj idwqy gey ijQy Auh mukwdmf cwlx qwk rhy. rIjfienf ivc ienHF kYdIaF ƒ dUjy BfrqIaF qoN dUr rwiKaf jf skdf sI pr amrIkn srkfrI vkIl AuhnF ƒ jdoN cfhux iml skdy sn. sfnPrFissko ivc nvµbr 1917 qoN lY ky pµj mhIinaF qwk pYNqI doÈIaF AuWpr mukwdmf cwilaf. cfr AuWpr iÈkfgo ivc mukwdmf clfieaf igaf. sfnPrFissko ivc pRmuwK sbUq hfpiknsn dIaF irportF AuWpr afDfirq aqy 1912-13 dIaF gqIivDIaF nfl sbµDq sn. sqfrF dy sqfrF BfrqIaF ƒ sjLf ho geI. sB qoN vwD sjLf qfrknfQ dfs ƒ hoeI ijhVf doÈF df sfhmxf krn leI Kud jfpfn qoN amrIkf afieaf sI.(90) gvfhIaF dOrfn lflf hridafl df nF vfr vfr ilaf igaf. pr Auh amrIkn aqy ibRitÈ inaF dI phuµc qoN dUr jrmnI ivc jrmn srkfr dy Krcy AuWpr afrfm Prmf irhf sI.(91)

ieh jfsUsI ijs dI muwK i˵myvfrI hfpiknsn ny inBfeI aqy Aus qoN bfad ijs ƒ rIz ny jfrI rwiKaf iek iksm dI iDµgojLorI sI. ies ny ÈFq mhFsfgr kµZy rih rhI BfrqI kinAuntI AuWpr gµBIr asr pfieaf. kimAuntI dy mYNbrF ƒ ÈurU ivc hI pqf cwl igaf ik AunHF dIaF eyQoN dIaF srgrmIaF kfrn Bfrq ivc puils AunHF dy pirvfr dy mYNbrF dI puwC-pVqfl kr rhI hY. Auh jfxdy sn ik hfpiknsn ibRitÈ Ëulm df pRqwK sbUq sI aqy ies leI AunHF dIaF ibRitÈ ivroDI BfvnfvF df pRmuwK kyNdr sI. afpxIaF aqy afpxy muKbrF dIaF kfrvfeIaF kfrn Auh sQfnk iswK kimAuntI ƒ isafsI qOr ’qy cyqµn krn aqy DiVaF ivc vµzx df kfrn bixaf. Aus df aqy kimAuntI nfl sbµDq hor kql Aus dIaF kfrvfeIaF df hI nqIjf sn. ies ivc koeI Èwk nhIN ik Aus ny ijµnI iËafdf CfxbIx kIqI Aus ƒ hflfq AuNnHy hI iËafdf gµBIr idKfeI idwqy. jdoN Aus dIaF irportF Bfrq srkfr kol phuµcdIaF qF srkfr AunHF AuWpr hfpiknsn qoN vI vwD XkIn krdI. lflf hridfl vrgy ivakqI ibRitÈ srkfr df qKqf pltnf cfhuµdy sn aqy Auh aihµsf ƒ AuqÈfh idµdy sn. pr AunHF leI pihlI cuxOqI ruËgfr dI Bfl ivc afey iksfnF ivc jfgrqI pYdf krnf sI. lflf hridafl aqy dUijaF AuWpr iDafn kyNdirq kr hfpiknsn ies ivdroh dy qPqIÈkfr dy nfl nfl Aus df krqf vI bixaf.

(ieh lyK aMgryjLI ivwc pihlI vfr XUnIvristI afP ibRitsL kolMbIaf vloN pRkfisLq kIqy jFdy jrnl “bI. sI. stwzIjL dy aMk nMbr 78, ivwc 1988 (BC Studies, no. 78, Summer 1988) ivwc Cwipaf sI[ ies df pMjfbI anuvfd pihlI vfr vqn dy pihly aMk (julfeI/agsq/sqMbr 1989) ivwc Cipaf sI[ vqn df ieh aMk kfmfgftfmfrU Gtnf dI 75vIN vrHygZ smyN kfmfgftf mfrU ivsLysL aMk vjoN pRkfisLq kIqf igaf sI[)

hvfly:
(iehnF hvfilaF ivwc lyKk vloN kIqIaF itwpxIaF df pMjfbI anuvfd kIqf igaf hY pr jfxkfrI dy sRoqF nUM aMgryjLI ivwc rihx idwqf igaf hY[)

1. See Norman Buchignani and Doreen Indra with Ram Srivastiva, Continuous Journey, A Social History of South Asians in Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985), 25-26, 37, 51-53, 58-65, and Hugh Johnston, The Voyage of the Komagata Maru, The Sikh Challenge to Canada’s Colour Bar (New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1979), 1, 7-16, 124-29, 138.
2. Har Dayal, “India in America,” The Modern Review (July 1911): 1-11
3. See the comments attributed to Husain Rahim at meeting of the Khalsa Diwan Society and United Indian League: Public Archives of Canada (PAC), RG 76, vol. 385, file 536999, Henry W. Gwyther to Malcolm R. J. Reid, 24 Feb. 1913.

4. jdoN hfpiknsn nUM pihlF iemIgrysLn ienspYktr aqy ihMdU duBfsLIaf inXukq kIqf igaf qF Aus nUM izpfrtmYNt afP dI ientIrIar leI iek Pfrm Brnf ipaf ijs ivwc Aus ny afpxI jnm qrIk (16 jUn 1880) shI dwsI pr jnm sQfn glq dwisaf (hwl, XorksLfier, ieMglYNz). kOmIaq dI QF Aus ny “ieMgilsL” iliKaf. See PAC, RG 76, vol. 561, file 808722, pt. 1. Auh hmysLF hI ieh dfavf krdf irhf hoxf ikAuNik Aus dI mOq qoN bfad vYnkUvr dy aKbfrF ivwc Aus dI mOq bfry CpIaF sUcnfvF ivwc iliKaf sI ik Auh Bfrq nUM bcpn ivwc igaf sI. ieMizaf afiPs dI lfiebryrI ivwcly bYpitsml rIkfrzF drsfAuNdy hn ik Aus df jnm idwlI ivwc hoieaf sI. Aus dy nfl kMm krdy lok Aus nUM XUrysLIan smJdy sn: interview on 29 Oct. 1976 with former immigration inspector Fred “Cyclone” Taylor.
5. India Office Library, Thacker’s Indian Directory, 1904-07.
6. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 200, file 332, Report of Col. E. J. Swayne, “Information as to Hindu Agitators in Vancouver.”
7. PAC, RG 2/1, vol. 703, file 21, 21 July 1908.
8. Affidavit by Hopkinson, 7 Dec. 1908, copied in J.B. Harkin’s report, The East Indians in British Columbia (Department of the Interior, 1909), 31-33.
9. Harkin, The East Indians in British Columbia, 8-9.
10. PAC, RG 7, G 1, vol. 272, Crewe to Grey, 19 Sept. 1908, telegram.
11. BfrqI kimAuintI dy lokF ny vfr vfr dfavf kIqf ik hfpiknsn iBRsLtfcfrI sI. Aus smyN ieh kys sfbq nhIN hoieaf aqy hux vI sfbq hox dy Xog nhIN. Auh ijs ahudy AuWqy sI aqy BfrqI iemIgrYNtF AuWpr Aus dI ijMnI qfkq sI, Aus dI durvrqoN kIqy jfx dI sMBfvnf mOjUd sI. dUjy pfsy, izpfrtmYNt dy aiDkfrI ivsLvfs krdy sn ik hfpiknsn ivruwD lfey gey dosL Aus nUM bdnfm krn leI jF Aus nUM nOkrI qoN kwZvfAux leI lfey gey sn. ieh khfxI ik Aus ny hFzUrs dy zYlIgytF nUM vwZI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI, ivsLvfsXog nhIN lwgdI. (nfjr isMG df kihxf sI ik hfpiknsn cfhuMdf sI ik Auh hfzUrs ivwclIaF hflqF bfry cMgI irport dyvy, aqy Aus ny Aus nUM 3000 zflrF nfl Bry btUey nfl lflc idwqf sI, pr hfpiknsn kol eyny pYsy nhIN sn, aqy ies gwl mMnxI aOKI hY ik ientIrIar dy izpfrtmYNt jF iksy hor ny Aus nUM ies gYr-lfhyvMd aqy gYrjvfbdyhI vfly kMm leI pYsy idwqy hox.) meI 1911 ivwc ientIrIar izpfrtmYNt qoN imstr vOn gtnbrg nUM hfpiknsn ivruwD dosLF dI jFc krn leI vYnkUvr Byijaf igaf. (Aus ny ijhnF lokF nfl gwlbfq kIqI AuhnF ivwcoN iek bogf nF df BfrqI sI, ijs ny ikhf ik amrIkf qoN dfKl hox vfly awT ivakqIaF qoN hfpiknsn ny 50 zflr pRqI ivakqI ley sn.) hfpiknsn nUM ies jFc bfry koeI icqfvnI jF noits nhIN idwqf igaf sI, aqy Aus nUM ies bfry aiswDy ZMg nfl pqf lwgf. hfpiknsn nUM brI kr idwqf igaf. akqUbr 1913 ivwc jdoN BfrqI kimAuintI iemIgrysLn ivBfg vwloN igafnI Bgvfn isMG nUM dysL inkflf dyx dIaF koisLsLF kfrn guwsy ivwc sI, qF hfpiknsn ny afpxy AuWc-aiDkfrIaF nUM icqfvnI idwqI ik ho skdf hY Aus ivruwD hor ieljLfm lfey jfx: Aus nUM BfrqI kimAUintI dy lIzrF vloN lukvINaF DmkIaF imlIaF sn ik Aus ny Bgvfn isMG nUM pYsy lY ky Auqrn idwqf sI. (asl ivwc Bgvfn isMG kYnyzf ivwc rih rhy iek hor ivakqI df nF aqy kfgjL vrq ky dysL ivwc dfKl hoieaf sI.) nOrmn bucignfnI aqy zorIn ieMdrf ieh sfbq krn leI ik hfpiknsn nUM KRIidaf jf skdf sI PrvrI 1910 ivwc iewQy afeI iek aOrq sLRI mqI Audy rfm dy kys dI Audfhrn idMdy hn. apRYl 1908 aqy mfrc 1910 ivckfr isrP 13 BfrqI afdmIaF aqy do BfrqI aOrqF (sLRI mqI rfm smyq) nUM nvyN avfsIaF vwjoN kYnyzf ivwc dfKl hox dI afigaf idwqI geI sI. iek BfrqI aOrq df iewQy afAuxf bhuq ijLafdf asfDfrx gwl sI, aqy asIN smJ skdy hF ik BfrqIaF vwloN ieh swLk kIqI jFdI sI ik ies kys ivwc vwZI idwqI geI sI. ikAuNik ieh asfDfrx gwl sI, ies leI ieh jfpdf hY ik swB qoN vwD iBRsLtfcfrI aPsr vI vwZI lYx qoN guryj krygf. sLRI mqI rfm nUM AuWqrn dyx df PYslf iekwly hfpiknsn ny nhIN kIqf sI, sgoN ieh iemIgrysLn eyjMt jy[ aYWc[ migwl nfl iml ky kIqf igaf sI; aqy ies bfry iek dm ientIrIar dy izptI minstr nUM sUicq kIqf igaf sI, ijhVf ik BfrqI iemIgrysLn dy kysF AuWqy iek bfjL vFg ingHf rwKdf sI ikAuNik ies kfrn vwzy nqIjy inkl skdy sn. hfpiknsn brqfnvI Bfrq aqy aYNglo kYnyzf df vPfdfr sI aqy ies anusfr kMm krdf sI. Aus vwloN inBfeI BUimkf nUM smJx leI sfnUM inwjI iBRsLtfcfr dy sbUqF dI loV nhIN hY. - On the Honduras bribe charge: affidavit by Sham Singh and diary by Sham Singh, copied in Harkin, 25-27, 29-31. On the Von Guttenberg investigation: RG 76, vol. 561, file 808722, G.D. Kumar to L.M. Fortier; and RG 7, G 21, vol. 201, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 6 April, 8 May and 25 May 1911. On the Bhagwan Singh case: RG 76, vol. 385, file 536999, Hopkinson to Cory, 20 Oct. 1913. On the Mrs. Uday Ram case: RG 7, G21, vol. 200, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 19 Feb. 1910; and Buchignani and Indra, 49. See also RG 76, vol. 561, file 808722, MacGill to Scott, 15 July 1910. For more on the question of Hopkinson and bribes see Johnston, The Voyage, 143.
12. Harkin, 6-7.
13. PAC, RG 25, A 2, vol. 200, file 120/76.
14. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 200, file 332, Sir John Hanbury-Williams to W. W. Cory, 13 Jan. 1909, copy, and Cory to Hanbury-Williams, 18 Jan. 1909.
15. PAC, RG 76, vol. 561, file 808722, W. W. Cory to J. H. MacGill, 3 Feb. 1909, copy; Cory to Hopkinson, 3 Feb. 1909, copy; MacGill to Cory, 8 Feb. 1909.
16. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 200, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 5 Aug. and 9 Sept. 1909, copies.
17. Ibid., Captain Bruce Hay to Major the Earl of Lanesborough, 15 March 1910.
18. Ibid., vol. 201, file 332, Claude M. MacDonald to Grey, 2 Sept. 1911, enclosure. On the co-operation of the Japanese police in watching Indian nationalists, 1914-1918, see Grant K. Goodman, “Japanese Sources for the Study of the Indian Independence Movement,” in Sisir K. Bose ed. Netaji and India’s Freedom (Calcutta: Netaji Research Bureau, 1975), 76-108.
19. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 200, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 12 Aug. and 6 Nov. 1909 copies.
20. Ibid., Crewe to Grey, 15 March 1909, enclosures.
21. Ibid., and vol. 199, file 332, Lord Hardinge to Viscount Morley, telegram, 17 Dec. 1908, copy.
22. Ibid., vol. 200,file 332, Hopkinson to J.B. Harkin, 4 Jan. 1909, copy.
23. Ibid., Hopkinson to Cory, 7 March 1910, copy.
24. Report of Col. E. J. Swayne.
25. Extracts from Free Hindustan can be found in James Campbell Ker, Political Trouble in India, confidential publication (Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, 1917), rprint (Delhi: Oriental Publishers, 1973), 119-22. Comments on Free Hindustan are given in Mackenzie King’s confidential memorandum of July 1908, in Col. Swayne’s report and in Hopkinson’s report of 10 Feb. 1910. There is a copy of the first issue of Free Hindustan in PAC, RG 2/1,vol. 163.
26. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 200, file 332, Hopkinson, “Report Re Hindus,” 10 Feb. 1910, copy.
27. Ibid., vol. 201, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 29 June 1911 copy.
28. Ibid., Cory to D. O. Malcolm, 25 Sept. 1911; Malcolm to Cory, 26 Sept. 1911, copy.
29. Ibid., Hopkinson to Cory, 13, 16 and 23 Oct., 1911, copies.
30. Ibid., vol. 206, file 332, Joseph Pope to Governor General’s Secretary, 5 Nov. 1914; RG 76 vol. 561, file 808722, Malcolm Reid to W.D. Scott, 5 Nov. 1912; Scott to Cory, 20 Feb. 1912. 5 nvMbr 1912 qoN, izpfrtmYNt qoN imldI 125 zflr dI qnKfh dy nfl nfl, hfpiknsn nUM vYnkUvr ivclI amrIkn iemIgrysLn vwloN duBfsLIey df kMm krn leI 25 zflr pRqI mhInf dI PIs imlx lwgI; aqy jdoN pulIs jF pROivMisLal kort (sUbfeI adflq) nUM Aus dI loV huMdI qF Aus nUM idhfVI dy 4 zflr imldy.
31. PAC, RG 7, G21, vol. 202, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory 17 Nov. 1912, copy.
32. Ibid., Hopkinson to Cory, 16 Nov., 1912, copy.
33. Ibid., vol. 203, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 11 Jan. 1913, copy.
34. Emily C. Brown, Har Dyal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist (Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1975), 85-117.
35. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 202, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 15 Jan. 1913.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., J. W. Holderness to Undersecretary of State,Colonial Office, 22 July 1913; Hopkinson to Cory, 11 Dec. 1914; vol. 204, file 332, Hopkinson to Undersecretary of State, Colonial Office, 21 Jan. 1914, copies.
38. Ibid., vol. 202, file 332, Cory to Governor General’s Secretary, 23 April 1913.
39. Ibid., vol. 203,file 332, Joseph Pope to Governor General’s Secretary, 17 Nov. 1913.
40. Ibid., Hopkinson to Cory, 14 Nov. 1913, copy.
41. Ibid., vol. 205, file 332,clipping from Los Angeles California Times, 29 Mar. 1914.
42. Ibid., Hopkinson to Cory, 4 April 1914; Samuel W. Backus to Hopkinson, 1 April 1914, Hopkinson to Cory, 7 April 1914, copies.
43. Ibid., vol. 204, file 332, Hopkinson to Cory, 3 May 1914, copy.
44. Brown, 166.
45. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 205, file 332, Supplementary Note to Draft Circular, Criminal Intelligence Office, Simla, April 1914, copy.
46. Ibid.
47. RG 7, G 21 vol. 205, file 332, Hopkinson to Wallinger, 27 June 1914, copy.
48. Ibid., vol. 204, file 332, Connaught to Harcourt, 20 May 1914, copy.
49. Ibid., Hopkinson to Wallinger, Ottawa, 14 May 1914, copy.
50. PAC, RG 76, vol. 388, file 536999, Hopkinson to Cory, 11 August 1914, copy.
51. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 205, file 332, Pope to Governor General’s Secretary, 15 Agu. 1914; telegram British Ambassador, Washington, to Governor General, 31 Aug. 1914.
52. Ibid., vol. 206, file 332, Hopkinson to Cleveland, 16 Oct. 1914, copy.
53. See Mewa Singh’s address to the Khalsa Diwan Society of Stockton, California, printed in “Khalsa Samachar” and translated for the immigration department by A. H. Burton: PAC, RG 7 G21, vol. 206, file 332, copy.
54. See Singh’s statement at his trial: PAC, RG 13, vol. 1467, Rex vs. Mewa Singh, 30 Oct. 1914; and his statement of August 1914 concerning the purchase of revolvers: City Archives of Vancouver, H. H. Stevens Papers.
55. India Office Library, Home Dept. Proceedings (Political A), Jan. 1915, No. 3.
56. Ibid., Nos. 4 and 5, Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, telegram, 11 Dec. 1914, and Secretary of State to Viceroy, telegram, 26 Dec. 1914.
57. Ibid., no. 6.
58. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 207, file 332, Joseph Pope to the Governor General’s Secretary, 27 April 1915.
59. Ibid., vol. 206, file 332,Cory to A. F. Sladen, 23 Oct. 1914.
60. Ibid., Cory to Governor General’s Secretary, 28 Dec., 1914, Cory to A. L. Jolliffe, 23 Feb., 1915, copy and Connaught to Harcourt, 27 Feb. 1915, copy. PAC, RG 76, vol. 352, file 379496, Reid to Cory, 26 Nov. 1914.
61. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 206, file 332, Harcourt to Connaught.
62. Ibid., vol. 207, file 332.
63. G. S. Deol, The Role of the Ghadar Party in the National Movement (Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1969), 108-48.
64. PAC, RG 25, series G 1, vol. 1156, file 40, Harcourt to Connaught, telegram, 19 April 1915.
65. Harcourt to Connaught, 10 April 1915.
66. Karl Hoover, “The Hindu Conspiracy Case in California, 1913-1918,” German Studies Review, May 1985, 252.
67. For example: PAC, RG 6, E 1, vol. 571, file 251, Maj. R. O. Montgomery to Sir Richard McBride, 27 July 1915, copy.
68. The India Office List for 1917.
69. PAC, RG 7, G21, vol. 207, file 332, paragraphs of cypher telegrams exchanged by Connaught and Harcourt containing messages between Nathan and Wallinger. The first in the file is dated 31 August 1916 but it mentions arrangements made in January. M. R. J. Reid’s reference to “a mutural friend” in a letter to E. J. Chambers, 9 Jan. 1918, probably means Nathan. See PAC, RG 6, Series E, vol. 524, file 150 - D.
70. RG 6, Series E, vol. 524, file 150-D, Chambers to Reid, 8 Aug. 1916, Copy; Reid to Chambers, 22 Aug. 1916.
71. Ibid., Chambers to Perry, 19 Jan. 1916 copy.
72. Ibid., Reid to A. P. Sherwood, 18 April 1916, copy.
73. Ibid., Chambers to Reid, 8 Aug. 1916 copy; Reid to Chambers, 22 Aug. 1916, copy; Chambers to John McMillan, 29 Dec. 1919, copy.
74. 31 dsMbr 1914 nUM rIz dI QF ey[ aYl[ joilP ny lY leI, BfvyN ik Auh 17 jnvrI 1915 qwk iek iemIgrysLn eyjMt vwjoN icwTIaF AuWqy dsqKq krdf irhf. Aus nUM htfAux dI isPfirsL 3 dsMbr 1914 nUM kIqI geI sI. See W. D. Scott and E. B. Robertson to Dr. W. J. Roche: PAC, 76, vol. 561, file 8087222. sqMbr 1912 qoN lY ky rIz dI qnKfh 2400 zflr sI aqy iek ienspYktr vwjoN Aus dI qnKfh AunI hI rwKI geI. Aus dI QF lYx vfly ey[ aYl[ joilP dI qnKfh 1200 zflr (ijhVI ik Aus nUM iek ienspYktr vwjoN imldI sI) qoN vDf ky 2000 zflr kr idwqI geI. 1919-20 joilP nUM 3000 zflr qnKfh imldI sI jdoN ik rIz dI qnKfh 2400 zflr hI rhI aqy 1923-24 ivwc joilP nUM 3600 zflr qnKfh imlx lwgI jdoN ik rIz nUM 2520 zflr imldy sn: Auditor General’s reports in Sessional Papers Canada, 1915-20.
75. Vancouver City Archives, Stevens Papers, Reid to H. H. Stevens, 29 Feb. 1916.
76. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 204, file 332, vol. 10 (B), Reid to Cory, 30 Dec. 1913.
77. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 205, file 332, paraphrase of cypher telegram, Sir Cecil Spring Rice to Connaught, 31 Aug. 1914; see also correspondence in vol. 206 (1915).
78. PAC, RG 76, vol. 385, file 536999, Reid to Scott, 10 Aug. 1915, with copy of letter from Baboo and Bela Singh to Reid, 20 July 1915; RG 7, G 21, vol. 207, file 332, Sir Joseph Pope to Governor General’s Secretary, 27 May 1916, enclosures.
79. PAC, RG 76, vol. 352, file 379496, Reid to Scott, 6 June 1916.
80. PAC, RG 7, G 21, vol. 207, file 332, Chambers to Sir Joseph Pope, 20 Feb. 1916. copy. 1 meI 1916 aqy 30 apRYl 1918 dy ivckfr rIz ny afpxy nfQn nfl kMm dy sMbMD ivwc iek ihMdusqfnI duBfsLIey ey[ aYc[ brtn nUM kMm `qy rwiKaf. rIz izptI minstr nUM ilKy iek Kwq ivwc spsLt krdf hY ik brtn iemIgrysLn ivBfg df krmcfrI nhIN sI. Aus dI qnKfh Aus rkm ivwcoN idwqI jFdI hY “jo ihMdU kMm ivwc idlcspI rwKx vfly dosq” idMdy hn. rIz ies gwloN sucyq sI ik nfQn df nF nf ilaf jfvy; aqy “AuhnF dosqF” df hvflf nfQn jF Aus dy AuWc-aiDkfrIaF vwl kIqf igaf jfpdf hY. See PAC, RG 76, vol. 388, file 536999, Reid to Cory, 4 Aug. 1919.
81. S. W. Horrall, “The Royal North-West Mounted Police and Labor Unrest in Western Canada, 1919,” Canadian Historical Review, LXI, 2 (1980): 177.
82. Sessional Papers, Canada, 1925, no. 2, H, 28.
83, Sir Michael O’Dwyer, India as I Knew It, 1885-1925 (London: Constable and Co., 1925), 190.
84. Charles (Lord) Hardinge, My Indian Years, 1990-1916 (London: John Murray, 1948), 130.
85. PAC, RG 76, vol. 388, file 536999, Hopkinson to Cory, 17 Sept. 1914.
86. RG 7, G 21, vol. 207, file 332, Pope to Governors General’s Secretary, 22 Feb. 1916; paraphrase of cypher telegram, Colonial Secretary (Andrew Bonar Law) to Governor General, 26 Feb. 1916; paraphrase of cypher telegram, Home Department, Delhi, to Governor General, 12 March 1916; Reid to Scott, 6 March 1916, copy; Cory to E. A. Stanton, 14 March 1916.
87. National Archives of India, Lahore Conspiracy Case III (Second Supplementary Case, Judgement dated 4 Jan. 1917), accused no. 3, pp. 56-67.
88. Hoover, “The Hindu Conspiracy Case,” 245-61; Kalyan Kumar Banerji, “The U.S.A. and Indian Revolutionary Activity: Early Phase of the Ghadar Movement,” Modern Review (Feb. 1965): 99-100. Giles T. Brown, “The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914-17,” Pacific Historical Quarterly (Aug. 1948): 307-08. Don K. Dignam, “The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations During World War I,” Pacific Historical Review (Feb. 1971): 57-76.
89. PAC RG 7, G 21, vol. 207, file 332, vol. 15 (a)
90. Goodman, “Japanese Sources,” 92-96.
91. Brown, 214.