sQfeI kflm / prdf jo AuWT igaf
afjLfd mMzI jF kfrporysLnF df gLlbf
suKvMq huMdl (shundal@sfu.ca)
 

{ies kflm ivwc Auh jfxkfrI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI jFdI hY, ijhVI muwK Dfrf dy mIzIey ivwc nhIN imldI jF hfsLIey AuWpr Dwk idwqI jFdI hY. }

awj dunIaF Br ivwc psry ivsLv vpfr nUM afjLfd mMzI dy pRbMD vjoN pRcfiraf jf irhf hY. pr aslIaq ies qoN iblkul Ault hY. asl ivwc ajoky ivsLv vpfr dy vwK vwK Kyqr muwTI Br bhukOmI kfrporysLnF dy kbjLy hyT hn. afpxI ies Dfrnf nUM iswD krn leI asIN KyqIbfVI nfl sMbMiDq vpfr dy kuJ ihwisaF AuWqy ingHf mfrFgy . ieh ihwsy hn: KyqI dI pYdfvfr df vpfr, KyqI krn leI loVINdIaF vsqF df vpfr, KyqI dI pYdfvfr nUM Kfx-Xog vsqF ivwc qbdIl krn (pRosYisMg) df vpfr aqy Kfxy dIaF vsqF dI pRcUn ivkrI.

KyqI dI pYdfvfr df vpfr: dunIaf Br ivwc anfj dy vpfr df 90 PIsdI ihwsf 4 jF 5 kMpnIaF dy kMtrol ivwc hY. iehnF ivwc AuWprlIaF cfr dy nF hn: afrcr zYnIaljL imzlYNz kMpnI (ey zI aYm), lueIs zrYPs, bMgI aqy kfrigl. pMj kMpnIaF - ickIqf, zYWl mONty, zol, PfiePs aqy noboaf- dunIaF Br dy kyilaF dy vpfr df 80 PIsdI kMtrol krdIaF hn. iehnF ivwcoN do - ickIqf aqy zol- df dunIaF Br ivwc kyilaF dy vpfr dy 50 PIsdI AuWpr kMtrol hY. amrIkf ivwcoN inrSXfq hox vflI mwkI df 80 PIsdI inrXfq iqMn kfrporysLnF - ey zI aYm, kfrigl, aqy jYWn noh - rfhIN huMdf hY. ies ivwcoN 42 PIsdI inrXfq iekwlI kfrigl kMpnI krdI hY. ieQy Xfd rwKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik ivsLv mMzI ivwc mwkI dI kuwl splfeI df do iqhfeI ihwsf amrIkf vloN splfeI huMdf hY. ies df arQ ieh hoieaf ik ivsLv mMzI ivwc phuMcx vflI mwkI dI splfeI df 53 PIsdI ihwsf iqMn kfrporysLnF dy kMtrol ivwc hY aqy 28 PIsdI ihwsy AuWpr isrP iek kMpnI kfgigl df kMtrol hY. jy KyqI dI pYdfvfr AuWqy kMtrol nfl sMbMiDq aMkiVaF nUM ivsLv pwDr dI QF kuJ ku KyqrF jF dysLF dy ihsfb nfl dyiKaf jfvy qF hor vI idlcsp qwQ sfhmxy afAuNdy hn. Audfhrn leI blIjL aqy surInfm qoN hox vflf sfry df sfrf kyilaF df inrXfq PfiePs kfrporysLn dy kMtrol hyT hY. pIrU dI duwD dI pYdfvfr dy lgBg 80 PIsdI ihwsy AuWpr nYsly kMpnI df kMtrol hY.

KyqI krn leI loVINdIaF vsqF df vpfr: KyqI ivwc vrqIaF jfx vflIaF vsqF ivwc kuJ iek vsqF hn: kIVy mfr dvfeIaF, KfdF, bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF, bIj. iehnF vsqF dy ivsLv vpfr bfry imldy aMkVy bhuq spsLtqf nfl drsfAuNdy hn ik ieh vpfr kuJ iek kfrporysLn dy gLlby hyT af cuwikaf hY. Audfhrn leI, ies smyN ivsLv pwDr AuWqy kIVymfr dvfeIaF dI kuwl mfrkIt df 75-80 PIsdI ihwsf Cy kMpnIaF dy kMtrol hyT hY. ieh kMpnIaF hn: bYsP (bI ey aYs aYP), byar, zoa, zU-puafieMt, mOnsYNto aqy isnjYntf. ihMdusqfn ivwc kIVymfr dvfeIaF dI mfrkIt df 22 PIsdI ihwsf iekwlI byar kMpnI dy kbjLy hyT hY. bIjF dy Kyqr ivwc ivsLv pwDr AuWqy mwkI dy bIjF dI mfrkIt df 65 PIsdI aqy soieafbIn dy bIjF dI mfrkIt df 44 PIsdI ihwsf zU-puafieMt aqy mOnsYNto kMtrol krdIaF hn. sMn 2001 ivwc dunIaF Br dI jnYtIkl mOzIPfeIz (jI aYm) bIjF dI mfrkIt df 91 PIsdI ihwsf isrP iek kMpnI mOnsYNto dy kMtorl ivwc sI. bIjF dy Kyqr ivwc not krn vflI iek gwl ieh vI hY ik ajy keI PslF dy bIjF dI ivkrI AuWpr bhukOmI kMpnIaF afpxf pUrf kbjLf nhIN jmF skIaF ikAuNik ajy vI dunIaF dy bhuq ihwisaF, Kfs krky ivkfsLSIl dysLF, ivwc iksfn afpxy bIj vrq rhy hn. pr ies Kyqr ivwc afpxI jkV jmfAux leI kMpnIaF pUry Xqn kr rhIaF hn. Auh nvyN bIjLF nUM pytYNt krvfky ieh Xqn kr rhIaF hn ik dUsrI vfr bIj vrqx leI iksfnF nUM kMpnIaF nUM rOieltI jF lfiesMs PIs dyxI pvy. Auh bIjF dIaF jInF ivwc qbdIlIaF krky aijhy bIj iqafr kr rhIaF hn ik bIj iek vfr qoN vwD vrqy nf jf skx. Auh aijhy qknIkI pYkj iqafr kr rhIaF hn ik jy qusIN iek kMpnI dI bxI Kfd vrqxI hY qF quhfnUM Aus kMpnI vloN bxfey bIj, kIVymfr dvfeIaF afid vI vrqnIaF pYxgIaF. ies dy nfl ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik kMpnIaF vwK vwK KyqrF ivwc afpxI jkV mjLbUq krn leI aqy mukfblf GtfAux leI Aus Kyqr ivwc vsqF vycx vflIaF dUsrIaF kMpnIaF nUM KRId ky afpxy nfl imlf rhIaF hn. Audfhrn leI 1994 ivwc kIVymfr dvfeIaF dI ivsLv mfrkIt 12 kMpnIaF - byar, hOicst, sLYirMg, hOn-pOlink, sIbf gIgI, sYNzojL, jLYnykf, bYsP, isnfimz, zoa-ielYNko, zU-puafieMg, mOnsYNto - dy kbjLy ivwc sI aqy 2003 qwk ieh mfrkIt isrP AuWpr dwsIaF 6 kMpnIaF dy kbjLy hyT ho geI hY.

KyqI dI pYdfvfr qoN Kfx dIaF vsqF bxfAux (PUz pRosYisMg) df Kyqr: ies Kyqr bfry gwl krn leI pIx vflIaF vsqF dy vpfr aqy mfrkIt bfry gwl krFgy. sB qoN pihlF asIN cfh dy vpfr aqy mfrkIt bfry gwl krdy hF. vrlz bYNk dI iek irport muqfbk 1990ivaF ivwc dunIaF ivwc cfh dI pRosYisMg aqy izstrIibAUsLn df vpfr cfr kMpnIaF - XUnIilvr/bruwk bFz, kYzvrI isLvYWps, alfeIz-lfienjL (hux tftf tI) aqy ibRitsL PUzjL/tivinMg - dy gLlby hyT sI. ieh cfr kMpnIaF dunIaF dy bhuq sfry dysLF ivwc cfh dI 80 PIsdI qwk mfrkIt nUM kMtrol krdIaF sn. ies Kyqr ivwc imldIaF hor irportF qoN ieh aMdfjLf lwgdf hY ik ipCly dhfky -zyZ dhfky ivwc ivsLv dI cfh mfrkIt ivwc bhukOmI kfrporysLnF df gLlbf hor mjLbUq hoieaf hY. Audfhrn leI, brqfnIaF dI iek aYn jI E, aYksLn eyz vloN 2004-5 ivwc CpI iek irport, pfvr hMgrI: isks rIjLnjL tU rYgUlyt PUz kfrporysLn, anusfr dunIaF dI cfh mfrkIt df 85 PIsdI ihwsf iqMn kMpnIaF dy kMtrol aDIn hY. iehnF iqMnF ivwcoN XUnIilvr sB qoN awgy hY. ihMdusqfn dI snaq bfry Koj krn vflI iek kMpnI vYlXU nots anusfr ihMdusqfn dI cfh dI kuwl mfrkIt df iek iqhfeI ihwsf brFzF vflI cfh df hY. ies mfrkIt df 43-45 PIsdI ihwsf ihMdusqfn lIvr (jo ilptn XYlo lybl, bruwk bFz rYWz lybl afid brFz dI splfier hY) kol hY aqy 17-18 PIsdI ihwsf tftf tI (ijs df iek bRFz tYtly hY) kol hY. ies df Bfv ieh hoieaf ik ihMdusqfn ivwc pYkt bMd cfh dI splfeI df 60 PIsdI qoN vwD ihwsf isrP do kMpnIaF dy kMtrol aDIn hY.
ieQy ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik cfh dy Kyqr ivwc gLflb ieh kMpnIaF iekwlIaf cfh dI pRosYisMg aqy izstrIibAUsLn ivwc hI sLfml nhIN hn sgoN ieh cfh dI pYdfvfr dy sMbMD ivwc vI kfPI vwzy sfDnF dIaF mflk hn. Audfhrn leI aOksPYm nfmI aYn jI E dI iek irport, dI tI mfrkIt - ey bYkgrfAuNz stwzI, anusfr tftf tI ilmitz df ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dIaF 54 plFtysLn aqy sRI lMkf ivwc 20 qoN vwD plFtysLn AuWpr kMtrol hY. ies dy nfl hI ieh kMpnI iekwly ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dIaF 10 blYNizMg aqy pROsYisMg PYktrIaF dI mflk hY.
cfh dI Qok dI ivkrI AuWpr vI muwTI Br kfrporysLn df kMtrol hY. Audfhrn leI ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dI inlfmI df 1/3 ihwsf jy QOms aYNz kMpnI pRfeIbyt ilmitz rfhIN huMdf hY. ies qoN bfad ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dI inlfmI dy 24 PIsdI ihwsy nUM kYrIat morfn aYNz kMpnI ilmitz sMBfldI hY. ies df Bfv ieh hoieaf ik ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dI nIlfmI dy 60 PIsdI dy lgBg ihwsy AuWpr do kMpnIaF df kMtrol hY.
dunIaF ivwc kOPI df vpfr cfr kMpnIaF - krfPt, pROktr aYNz gYNbl, sfrf lI aqy nYsly- dy gLlby hyT hY. pfiksqfn ivwc XU aYc tI duwD dy vpfr AuWpr nYsly df sMpUrn gLlbf hY. ieMglYNz ivwc zyarI pROsYisMg df 93 PIsdI ihwsf Cy kMpnIaF dy kbjLy hyT hY. hor pIx vflIaF vsqF bfry ivsQfr ivwc jfx ijMnI QF sfzy kol nhIN hY. ies leI ieQy ieh dwsxf hI kfPI hoeygf ik afksPom dI Auprokq irport ivwc vrlz bYNk dI iek irport df hvflf dy ky dfavf kIqf igaf hY ik ivwc ivsLv pwDr AuWqy pIx vflIaF vsqF df kuwl vpfr isrP 50 kfrporysLnF vloN kMtrol kIqf jf irhf hY.

Kfxy dI vsqF dI pRcUn ivkrI: KyqF ivwc hoeI pYdfvfr dy KpqkfrF qwk phuMcx qwk dI lVI dI aKIrlI kVI hY AuhnF dI pRcUn ivkrI. ivkisq dysLF ivwc KyqI dIaF vsqF dy vpfr dy ies Kyqr AuWpr kuJ iek kfrporysLnF afpxI jkV bxf cuwkIaF hn. Audfhrn leI, brqfnIaF ivwc Kfxy dIaF vsqF dI pRcUn ivkrI df 75 PIsdI ihwsf cfr kMpnIaF - aYszf vfl-mfrt, syPvya, sYnjLbrI aqy tYsko- dIaF suprmfrkItF rfhIN huMdf hY. sMn 2004 ivwc amrIkf dy sfAUQ sYNtrl rIjn ivwc grOsrI (kirafny) dI ivkrI df 52 PIsdI ihwsf isrP iqMn kfrporysLnF - vfl mfrt (30 PIsdI), aYc eI bwt (14 PIsdI) aqy krOgr (8 PIsdI)- dy aDIn sI. amrIkf dy sfAUQ sYNtrl rIjn ivwc afAux vfly Cy sUibaF dy nF hn: tYksjL, arkYnsfs, lUjLIafienf, Eklfhomf, kYnsL aqy inAU mYksIko.
bysLwk ivkfsLLIl dysLF ivwc kirafny dIaF vsqF dI ivkrI AuWqy ajy kfrporysLnF dI eyzI vwzI pwDr qwk jkV nhIN bxI pr ies pfsy nUM ruJfx vwD irhf hY. Audfhrn leI QfeIlYNz ivwc Kfxy dI pRcUn ivkrI df 36 PIsdI ihwsf hux kfrporysLnF dIaF suprmfrkItF rfhIN ivkdf hY. mYksIko dI kuwl pRcUn ivkrI (iekwly Kfxy dI nhIN) df 40 PIsdI ihwsf iekwly vfl-mfrt dy kol hY. ivsLv vpfr dy sMbMD ivwc vwzIaF kfrporysLnF nUM mfrkIt df ivsLlysLx pRdfn krn vflI iek sMsQF plYint rItyl dI iek pRYs rIlIjL ivwc ikhf igaf hY ik bysLwk dunIaF Br dI kirafny dI ivkrI df 45 PIsdI ihwsf 100 ku kfrporysLnF dy aDIn ho igaf hY pr ajy qwk cIn, ihMdusqfn aqy rUs ivwc aqy bhuqy ivkfsLSIl dysLF ivwc kirafny dI ivkrI df aMqrrfsLtrI pRcUn ivkryqfvF vloN Koijaf jfxf bfkI hY. ies pRYs rIlIjL ivwc ieh vI dwisaf igaf hY ik ies sMbMD ivwc vwzIaF kfrporysLnF vloN koisLsLF kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn. Audfhrn leI vfl mfrt kyNdrI amrIkf dy dysLF ivwc afpxy pYr jmfAux dy Xqn kr irhf hY. mYtro gruwp afpxIaF kYsL aYNz kYrI dIaF mfrkItF nvIaF AuBr rhIaF mMzIaF, ijvyN srbIaf aqy mOntYnygro, mOlzovf, ihMdusqfn aqy pfiksqfn, ivwc KolH irhf hY.
AuprlI gwl qoN ieh qF spsLt ho jFdf hY ik ajokf aMqrrfsLtrI vpfr afjLfd mMzI dy pRbMD vjoN kMm nhIN kr irhf sgoN kuJ ku kfrporysLnF dy gLlby hyT kMm kr irhf. bysLwk ies lyK ivwc asIN KyqI nfl sMbMiDq vpfr dy kuJ KyqrF bfry hI gwl kIqI hY, pr hflfq dUsry snaqI Kyqr ivwc ies qrHF dy hI hn. hux asIN ieh dyKxf hY ik ivsLv vpfr AuWpr muwTI Br kfrporysLnF dy gLlby dy kI asr pYNdy hn.

ies gLlby dy nqIjy: sB qoN pihlI gwl qF ieh hY ik iksy vI cIjL dy ivsLv vpfr AuWpr muwTI Br kfrporysLnF df gLlbf, iek KRIddfr aqy ivkryqf vjoN AuhnF dy hwQ ivwc bhuq vwzI qfkq dy idMdf hY. cIjLF nUM KRIdx aqy vycx leI ieh kfrporysLnF afpxI mrjLI dI kImq qYa krdIaF hn. keI hflqF ivwc KyqI dI pYdfvfr KRIdx smyN ieh kfrporysLnF Auh kImq insLicq krdIaF hn jo Auqpfdn krn AuWqy afey Krcy nfloN vI Gwt huMdI hY. ies dI iek Audfhrn ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dy vpfr nfl sMbMiDq hY joo aYksLn eyz dI Auprokq irport ivwc drj kIqI geI hY. ies irport anusfr sMn 1998 aqy 2004 ivckfr ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dI nIlfmI kImq ivwc 33 PIsdI dI kmI hoeI sI. sMn 1998 ivwc cfhI dI inlfmI kImq 69 rupey pRqI iklogrfm sI aqy sMn 2004 ivwc ieh kImq 46 rupey rih geI. cfh dIaF ieh inlfmI kImqF cfh dI Auqpfdn dI kImq (ijhVI 2004 ivwc 75 rupey dy nyVy mMnI geI sI) qoN ikqy Gwt sn. bysLwk cfh dI kImq ivwc ies igrfvt dy keI kfrn - ijvyN vfDU pYdfvfr, cfh dI mfVI kuafltI afid - dwsy jFdy hn, iPr vI iek irport muqfbk kImq dI igrfvt ivwc cfh KRIdx vflIaF vwzIaF kMpnIaF df vI vwzf hwQ hY. cfh AugfAux vfilaF aqy AuhnF dIaF XUnIanF df kihxf hY ik inlfmI vflIaF QFvF AuWqy “kfrporysLnF leI kMm krdy vwzy iKzfrI mukfblf GtfAux leI cfh dy Coty brokrF nUM inlfmI vflIaF QFvF qoN dUr rwKdy hn. ieh iek kfrn hY ik BfvyN pRcUn ivkrI smyN cfh dy iek iklogRRfm dI kImq 160 rupey hY, pr inlfmI smyN cfh dy iek iklogRfm dI kImq 50 rupey huMdI hY.”
cfh dIaF kImqF ivwc afeI ieh igrfvt cfh AugfAux vfly Coty iksfnF aqy cfh dy bfgF ivwc kMm krdy mjLdUrF leI bhuq musLiklF KVI kr rhI hY. iewQy ieh gwl Xfd rwKx vflI hY ik ihMdusqfn ivwc 10 lwK qoN vwD lok cfh dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy hn. ies iksm dI siQqI ivwc AuhnF leI sKq kMm krky afpxy iZwz Brnf vI musLikl ho irhf hY. pr kfrporysLnF AuWpr ies siQqI df koeI nFh-pwKI asr nhIN pY irhf, sgoN AuhnF dy munfPy vwD rhy hn. Audfhrn leI, jdoN ik cfh df Auqpfdn krn vfilaF nUM cfh dIaF kImqF Gwt iml rhIaF sn, pr ihMdusqfn ivwc cfh dy vpfr AuWqy gLflb pihly nMbr dI kMpnI ihMdusqfn ilvr dy sLyar holzrF nUM imlx vfly izvIzYNzs (lfBaMsL) 1996 qoN -2002/3 ivckfr cfr guxF dy krIb vwD gey sn.
ies sMbMD ivwc KyqI dI pYdfvfr bfry hor ivsiqRq AudfhrnF dyx dI QF ieh dws dyxf hI kfPI hY ik ipCly do ZfeI dhfikaF dOrfn ivsLv mfrkIt ivwc KyqI dIaF hor mhwqvpUrn vsqF, kOPI, kokf, cOl, nfrIal df qyl afid dIaF iksfnF nUM imlx vflIaF kImqF ivwc 50 PIsdI dI kmI afeI hY. ies dy nqIjy vjoN iksfnF aqy Kyq mjLdUrF leI afpxy afp nUM ijLMdf rwKxf vI musLikl ho igaf hY, pr iehnF vsqF df vpfr kr rhIaF kfrporysLnF dy munfiPaF ivwc vfDf hoieaf hY. aYksLn eyz dI Auprokq irport ivwc vrlz bYNk dy iek aiDan df hvflf dy ky ikhf igaf hY ik iksfnF nUM imlx vflIaF kImqF aqy pRcUn dIaF kImqF ivckfr dy Prk kfrn KyqI dIaF vsqF df inrXfq krn vfly dysLF nUM hr sfl 100 arb zflr qoN vwD df Gftf pf irhf hY.

KyqI ivwc loVINdIaF vsqF dI ivkrI kImq insLicq krn smyN iehnF vsqF dy vpfr AuWpr gLflb kfrporysLnF AuhnF dI kImq vwD rwKdIaF hn. Audfhrn leI sMn 2002-3 dOrfn mOnsYNto kfrporysLn vloN ihMdusqfn dy aFDrf pRdysL sUby dy iksfnF nUM kpfh dy bIjF (bI tI kftn) df 450 gRfm df iek pYkt 1600 rupey df vyicaf igaf sI. iehnF 1600 rupeIaF ivwcoN 1200 rupey rOieltI dy sn. Aus hI smyN dOrfn kpfh dy rvfieqI bIjF df pYkt 450-500 rupey df ivk irhf sI. pr mOnsYNto vloN vycy bIjF dy JfV aqy rvfieqI bIjF dy JfV ivckfr koeI eyzf vwzf Prk nhIN sI. ivsLvIkrn dy vrqfry aDIn pOidaF dIaF vwK vwK iksmF aqy bIjF dy sMbMD ivwc ieMtlYkcual pRfprtI rfeIts dy kfnUMn iehnF kfrporysLnF nUM KyqI ivwc loVINdIaF vsqF dIaF kImqF vwD rwKx ivwc shfeI ho rhy hn. KyqI dI pYdfvfr dI Gwt kImq aqy KyqI ivwc loVINdIaF vsqF dI vwD kImq dunIaF dy kRoVF iksfnF aqy Kyq mjLdUrF leI mfrU siQqIaF pYdf kr rhI hY. bhuqy Coty iksfn aqy Kyq mjLdUr afpxy afp nUM msF hI ijLMdf rwK rhy hn aqy kuJ iek KudksLIaF kr rhy hn. mMzI dy inXm anusfr hoxf qF ieh cfhIdf hY ik jy KyqI ivwc loVINdIaF vsqF vycx vfly iehnF vsqF dIaF kImqF vwD rwKdy hn qF AuhnF dy KRIddfr iksy dUsry qoN ieh vsqF KRId lYx. pr mOjUdf siQqIaF ivwc aijhf hoxf mumikn nhIN. iek pfsy KRIddfrF ivwc kRoVF iksfn sLfml hn aqy dUsry pfsy vycx vfilaF ivwc isrP muwTI Br kfrporysLnF. ies leI kRoVF iksfnF leI “jfeyN qoN jfeyN khF” vflI siQqI bxI hoeI hY aqy dUsry pfsy KyqI ivwc loVINdIaF vsqF vycx vflIaF kfrporysLnF leI dovyN hwQF ivwc lwzU hox vrgI siQqI bxI hoeI hY.
ies qoN ibnF KyqI nfl sMbMiDq kfrobfr AuWpr muwTI Br kfrporysLnF dy gLlby kfrn kfrporysLnF aqy afm lokF (iksfnF, Kyq mjLdUrF) ivckfr qfkq df bhuq vwzf asFvFpx pYdf ho igaf hY. afpxy afriQk gLlby df Pfiedf AuTf ky kfrporysLnF isafsI qOr AuWqy vI BfrU ho geIaF hn. nqIjy vjoN bhuqy dysLF dIaF srkfrF aqy aMqrrfsLtrI sMsQFvF KyqI bfry kfnUMn bxfAux smyN kfrporysLnF dy ihqF nUM pihl idMdIaF hn aqy iksfnF aqy mjLdUrF dy ihqF nUM axgOilaF kr idMdIaF hn. ies dy nfl hI jdoN ikqy iksy kfrporysLn vloN afm lokF dy hwkF dI AulMGxf kIqI jFdI hY qF afm lokF vloN iehnF AulMGxfvF dy ievjL ivwc iensfP pRfpq krnf bhuq aOKf ho igaf hY. ies sMbMD ivwc Audfhrn leI, XUnIan kfrbfeIz dy BUpfl ivcly Kfd aqy kIVymfr dvfeIaF bxfAux vfly plFt ivwc 1984 ivwc hoeI gYs lIk nUM ilaf jf skdf hY. ies gYs lIk kfrn hjLfrF lok mfry gey sn aqy hor bhuq sfry Gfqk bImfrIaF df isLkfr hoey sn. do dhfky bIq jfx bfad vI BUpfl dy iehnF lokF nUM pUrf iensfP nhIN iml sikaf. jdoN ik XUnIan kfrbfeIz kfrporysLn nUM zoa kfrporysLn ny KRId ilaf sI aqy zoa pUry jLor sLor nfl dunIaF ivwc afpxf kfrobfr clf rhI hY.

iswtf: aMq ivwc ieh gwl bhuq spsLtqf nfl khI jf skdI hY ik awj df ivsLv vpfr pRbMD afjLfd mMzI df pRbMD nhIN sgoN kuJ iek kfrporysLnF dy gLlby vflf pRbMD hY. ies pRbMD nUM afm lokF ivwc hrmn ipafrf krn leI ies nUM “afjLfd mMzI” dy nF nfl pRcfiraf jf irhf. ies pRbMD dI isPq kridaF ieh gwl khI jFdI hY ik ieh pRbMD mukfbly df pRbMD hY aqy mukfblf qrwkI krn leI cMgI gwl hY. pr aslIaq ieh hY ik muwTI Br kfrporysLnF dy gLlby ivwc afey pRbMD ivwc kfrporysLnF ivckfr mukfblf bhuq sImq hY. hF jy koeI mukfblf hY qF Auh AuhnF lwKF-kRoVF lokF ivckfr hY jo iehnF kfrporysLnF leI vsqF iqafr krdy hn, iehnF kfrporysLnF nUM vsqF vycdy hn. ies mukfbly kfrn Auh afpxIaF vsqF aqy mjLdUrI nUM sLqy Bfa vycx leI mjLbUr huMdy hn. nqIjy vjoN muwTI Br kfrporysLnF dI KusLhflI ivwc vfDf ho irhf hY aqy lwKF-kRoVF afm lokF leI ijLMdgI ijAuxf musLikl bx irhf hY.