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vqn df ieh aMk pMjfb dy jMmpl AurdU dy ibhqrIn sLfier PYLjL aihmd PYLjL dy jnm dI sONvIN vrHygMZ nUM smrpq hY.

PYLjL df jnm 13 PrvrI 1911 nUM axvMzy pMjfb dy sLihr isaflkot ivwc hoieaf aqy AuhnF dI mOq nvMbr 1984 nMU lfhOr ivKy hoeI. cfr dhfikaF dy arsy ivwc PYly afpxy sfihqk sPr dOrfn PYLjL ny kivqfvF dIaF awT ikqfbF ilKIaF. AuhnF dI pihlI ikqfb “nksL-ey-PLirafdI” 1941 ivwc CpI aqy AuhnF dI ijLMdgI dOrfn Cpx vflI AuhnF dI afKrI ikqfb “myry idl myry musfiPLr” sMn 1981 ivwc CpI. “gLubfr-ey-aXfm” AuhnF dI mOq qoN bfad CfpI geI.

dUsry nOjvfnF vFg PLYjL ny vI afpxf sfihqk sPr ipafr dI sLfierI qoN sLurU kIqf. pr CyqI hI afm lokF dy duwK drd AuhnF dI sLfierI df ihwsf bx gey. afpxI kflj dI pVHfeI mukf ky Auh sMn 1935 ivwc aMimRqsr dy aYWm[ E[ ey[ kflj ivwc aMgryjLI dy pROPYsr af lwgy aqy 1940 qwk ies ahudy `qy rhy. ies smyN AuhnF dy dosq, sfihbjLfdf mihmUd-jLPLr ny PYjL nUM mfrksvfdI sfihq pVHn vwl pRyiraf. ies dy nfl hI PYjL 1936 ivwc sLurU hoeI ieMzIan pROgrYisv rfeItrjL aYsosIeysLn dy vI mYNbr bx gey. mfrksvfdI sfihq nfl jfx-pCfx aqy agFhvDU lyKkF dI lihr ivwc sLmUlIaq ny PYLjL leI dunIaF nUM dyKx leI nvINaF iKVkIaF KolH idwqIaF. ies nvyN pRfpq njLrIey nfl jdoN PYjL ny afpxy afly duafly dyiKaf qF AuhnF nUM afm lokF dy duwK sfP idKfeI dyx lwgy aqy AunHF df sMvydnsLIl mn lokF dI pIV nUM mihsUs krn lwgf. nqIjy vjoN afpxI pihlI ikqfb “nksL-ey-PirafdI” dy dUsry ihwsy ivwc PYLjL ny afpxI msLhUr njLm muJsy pihlI sI muhwbq myry mihbUb nf mFg ilK ky ieh aYlfn kIqf ik sLfier leI afm lokF dy duwKF, msilaF aqy AuhnF dI ijLMdgI dI byvsI vwl iDafn dyxf vI jLrUrI hY. PYLjL sfrI Aumr ies Dfrnf nfl vcnbwD rhy aqy ipafr bfry ilKx dy nfl nfl Auh smfj ivwc iensfn hwQoN iensfn dy ho rhy sLosLx bfry vI ilKdy rhy. qF hI AuhnF nUM “ipafr aqy ienklfb” dy sLfier vjoN jfixaf jFdf hY. ipafr aqy ienklfb dI gwl kridaF Auh afpxI sLfierI ivwc smfjk iensfP, mnuwKI brfbrqf, mnuwKI ajLfdI aqy lokswqf dI bhflI aqy jLulm ivruwD sMGrsL aqy ies sMGrsL ivwc lokF dI ijwq dy ivsLvfs dI gwl krdy hn.

1947 qoN bfad Auh lfhOr ivwc pfiksqfn tfiemjL dy sMpfdk bx gey aqy mjLdUr lihr dy msilaF ivwc idlcspI lYx lwgy aqy pfiksqfn dI tryz XUnIan PYzrysLn dy vfeIs pRYjLIzYNt bx gey. pfiksqfn ivwc pRogrYisv lihr df ihwsf huMidaF Auh pfiksqfn dy hfkmF vwloN lokF dy ilKx bolx dI ajLfdI aqy muZly hwkF AuWpr lfeIaF jFdIaF pfbMdIaF ivruwD ilKdy rhy. pfiksqfn dy kwtV mOlfixaF dI slfh aqy smrQn nfl pfiksqfnI hfkmF vwloN pfiksqfn dy lokF AuWpr Tosy jf rhy Dfrimk kwtVvfd dy Auh hmysLF ivroDI rhy. pfiksqfn ivwc iek kwtV Dfrimk rfj sQfpq krn dy cfhvfn hukmrfnF nUM PLYjL dy ilbrl, pRogrYisv aqy smfjvfdI ivcfr psMd nhIN sn. ies hI kfrn AuhnF df kfPI smF jF qF pfiksqfn dIaF jylHF ivwc jF afp shyVI jlfvqnI ivwc lMiGaf.

AuhnF dI sLfierI dy srokfr isrP pfiksqfn qwk hI sImq nhIN sn. Auh aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr `qy sfmrfjI qfkqF vloN afpxy ihqF leI qIjLI dunIaF dy dysLF ivwc kIqI jFdI dKlaMdfjLI dy sKq ivroDI sn aqy sMsfr Br ivwc sfmrfjvfd ivruwD cwl rhy sMGrsLF dy smrQk sn. Audfhrn leI, AuhnF ny aPrIkf dI ajLfdI lihr, vIaqnfmI lokF vloN amrIkn POjLF ivruwD lVI jf rhI jMg aqy PLlsqInI lokF dI jwdojihd dy hwk ivwc aqy brqfnIaf aqy amrIkf vloN ierfn ivwc pRDfn mMqrI muhMmd mOsfdI dI lokF vloN cuxI hoeI srkfr df qKLqf plt ky sLfh nUM gwdI AuWqy ibTfAux dy ivroD ivwc iliKaf. ies qrHF Auh shI arQF ivwc dunIaf Br dy dwby kucly lokF dI avfjL sn.

PYjL dI kivqf dy pfrKUaF ny AuhnF dI sLfierI nUM pfblo nrUdf, nfijm ihkmq vrgy kvIaF dI kqfr ivwc rwiKaf hY. aYzvrz sYd dy sLbdF ivwc:

PYjL bfry smJx vflI mhwqvpUrn gwl ieh hY ik [[[ gfrsIaf mfrikjL vFg Aus nUM dohF qrHF dy lokF -sfihqk visLsLt vrg aqy afm lokF - vwloN piVHaf aqy suixaf jFdf sI. Aus dI mhwqvpUrn pRfpqI - asl ivwc ieh iksy vI jLbfn ivwc ivlwKx hY - rYtirk aqy rvfnI df surmyl pYdf krnf hY; Auh afpxy pfTkF sfhmxy klfsIkl rUpF (ksIdf, gLjLl, msnvI, ikqfa dI vrqoN kridaF AuhnF qoN qoV-ivCoVf krn dI QF AuhnF dI kfieaf plt idMdf hY. qusIN purfxy aqy nvyN nUM iekwiTaF sux skdy ho. Aus dI sLuwDqf aqy suinsLicqqf hYrfnkuMn sI, aqy ies leI qusIN iek aijhy kvI dI klpnf kr skdy ho ijs dI kivqf ivwc XIts dy ieMdirafvI anuBv aqy nrUdf dI qfkq df sumyl sI. myry iKafl ivwc Auh ies (vIhvIN) sdI dy mhfn kvIaF ivwcoN iek sI aqy Aus nUM eysLIaf aqy aPrIkf dy bhuq vwzy ihwisaF ivwc ies pwDr df snmfn pRfpq hoieaf sI. (Shahid Ali, 1991 ivwcoN)

sMn 1962 ivwc PYLjL nUM AuhnF dI sLfierI krky lYinn pIs prfeIjL idwqf igaf. Aus smyN ieh ienfm pRfpq krn vfly Auh pihly eysLIan kvI sn. ieh ienfm lYx smyN idwqy afpxy BfsLn ivwc AuhnF ikhf ik dunIaf ivwc amn dI sQfpqI aqy hr mnuwK dIaF loVF dI pUrqI qF hI sMBv hY, jy “kudrq dIaF sImq hwdF, pYdfvfr dy asImq qrIky kuJ munfPfKorF jF inwjI ihwqF vfly lokF dI ihrs pUrI krn vwl nf sgoN sfry lokF dI BlfeI vl syDq hox aqy mnuwK dI ivigafnk aqy snaqI Xogqf nUM ZfhU kMmF nfloN AusfrU kMmF vl lfieaf jfvy. ieh sB kuJ isrP aijhy smfijk ZFcy ivc sMBv ho skdf hY ijhVf iensfP, brfbrqf, afjLfdI, aqy srbwq dy Bly `qy AusiraF hovy nf ik lflc, sLosLx aqy iejfrfdfrI ihwqF `qy.”

PYLjL dy jIvn kfl dOrfn AunHF dI sLfierI smfjk iensfP aqy brfbrI leI lV rhy lokF leI pRyrnf sRoq rhI hY. AuhnF dI mOq qoN bfad vI, AuhnF dI sLfierI swc aqy inaF leI cldIaF lok lihrF df pRyrnf sRoq bxI rhygI aqy lokF nUM ieh XkIn idvfAuNdI rhygI ik nykI aqy bdI dI lVfeI ivwc ijwq aKIr ivwc nykI dI hI huMdI hY. vqn df ieh aMk AuhnF dy jnm dI sOvIN vrHygMZ nUM sprpq kridaF sfnUM aiqaMq KusLI aqy mfx mihsUs ho irhf hY.