sQfeI kflm/prdf jo AuWT igaf
POj aqy vfqfvrn df nuksfn
suKvMq huMdl
sukhwanthundal123@gmail.com
 

(ies kflm ivwc Auh jfxkfrI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI jFdI hY, ijhVI muwK Dfrf dy mIzIey ivwc nhIN imldI jF hfsLIey AuWpr Dwk idwqI jFdI hY. )

ies smyN DrqI dy vfqfvrn nUM ho rhy nuksfn dI smwisaf iek bhuq vwzI smwisaf bx ky sfhmxy af rhI hY. vwzI pwDr AuWqy ieh vI mMinaf jf cuwkf hY ik DrqI AuWpr vfpr rhIaF mnuwKI srgrmIaF ies smwisaf nUM idno idn hor zUMGf kr rhIaF hn. dunIaf dy AuWc kotI dy ivigafnIaF vwloN ieh ikhf jf irhf hY ik jy mnuwKI srgrmIaF vwloN vfqfvrn nUM phuMcfey jf rhy nuksfn nUM roikaf nf igaf qF nyV BivwK ivwc DrqI df ivnfsL ho jfx dI sMBfvfnf qoN ienkfr nhIN kIqf jf skdf. ies leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN ies smwisaf nUM cMgI qrHF smJIey aqy ies dy hwl leI afpxI afpxI pwDr `qy afpxI smrQf anusfr ikRafsLIl hoeIey. ies smwisaf nUM cMgI qrHF smJx aqy ies bfry ikRafsLIl hox leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN ies dy vwK vwK pihlUaF nUM GoKIey aqy ivcfrIey. ies smwisaf dy AuhnF pihlUaF nUM jfxn dI Kfs koisLsL krIey ijhnF bfry jfxkfrI afm nhIN imldI. ies smwisaf dy ivakqIgq pwDr dy kfrnF aqy hwlF nUM jfxn dy nfl nfl AuhnF kfrnF nUM vI afpxI jfxkfrI df ihwsf bxfeIey ijhnF df sMbMD sfzy awj dy afriQk, isafsI aqy smfjk pRbMD nfl hY. aijhf krky hI asIN ies smwisaf dy shI aqy pfeydfr hwl lwBx ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pf skFgy. ies lyK df mksd aijhy hI iek muwdy vwl iDafn idvfAuxf hY jo sfzy afriQk aqy isafsI pRbMD nfl bwJf hoieaf hY. ieh muwdf hY POj aqy ies dIaF kfrvfeIaF dI vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux ivwc BUimkf? ieh BUimkf dyKx leI asIN vfqfvrn ivwc grIn hfAUs gYsF aqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dy PYlfAux ivwc POj dI BUimkf; bfrUdI surMgF (lYNzmfeInjL) dy ivCfAux nfl vfqfvrn nUM hox vfly nuksfn; hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn aqy sMBfl dOrfn vfqfvrn df nuksfn; aqy jMg dOrfn jMglF df nuksfn krn ivwc POj aqy Aus dIaF kfrvfeIaF dI BUimkf AuWqy njLr mfrFgy.


vfqfvrn ivwc grIn hfAUs gYsF PYlfAux ivwc POj dI BUimkf:
vfqfvrn ivwc mOjUd grIn hfAUs gYsF (kfrbn zfieaOksfeIz, imQyn, nfietrs aOksfeIz aqy Plorokfrbn afid) sUrj dI grmI nUM DrqI dy vfqfvrn ivwc afAux qF idMdIaF hn pr Aus nUM pUrI qrHF vfqfvrn ivwcoN bfhr nhIN inklx idMdIaF. bysLwk ieh gYsF vfqfvrn ivwc kudrqI qOr AuWqy vI huMdIaF hn pr DrqI AuWqy vfpr rhIaF mnuwKI srgrmIaF kfrn vfqfvrn ivwc iehnF gYsF dI mfqrf vwD rhI hY. nqIjy vwjo DrqI df qfpmfn vwD irhf hY ijs nUM ivigafnIaF ny “globl vfrimMg” df nF idwqf hY. ivigafnIaF anusfr qfpmfn dy ies vfDy nfl DrqI AuWqy afAux vflIaF kudrqI afPqF ivwc vfDf ho skdf hY aqy DrqI Auqly jIvn df Kfqmf vI ho skdf hY.

mnuwKI srgrmIaF ivwcoN iek srgrmI ijhVI iek grIn hfAUs gYs - kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz - nUM pYdf krn ivwc vwzI BUimkf inBf rhI hY Auh hY: sfzy vwloN afpxIaF AUrjf loVF leI Pfisl iPAUl (pYtrol, qyl, kolf, gYsF afid) dI vwzI pwDr AuWqy vrqo. amrIkf dI ienvfiermYNtl pRotYksLn eyjMsI anusfr gwzI ivwc bly pYtrol dI iek gYln vfqfvrn ivwc 8[8 iklogRfm jF 19[4 pONz kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz PYlfAuNdI hY aqy zIjLl dI iek gYln vfqfvrn ivwc 10[1 iklogRfm jF 22[2 pONz kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz PYlfAuNdI hY. (1) iehnF qwQF nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF hux asIN ieh dyKFgy ik POjI kfrvfeIaF dOrfn ikMnf ku qyl bldf hY aqy ieh bilaf qyl grInhfAUs gYsF nUM vfqfvrn ivwc PYlfAux ivwc ikwzI ku vwzI BUimkf inBfAuNdf hY.


aYnrjI builtn ivwc sohbq kfrbUjL dy Cpy iek afrtIkl anusfr 30 sqMbr 2005 nUM amrIkf dI eyarPors dy 5, 986 hvfeI jhfjL srivs ivwc sn. sMn 2006 dy sLurU ivwc amrIkf dI nyvI kol lVfeI ivwc vrqy jfx vfly aqy shfiek 285 smuMdrI jhfjL sn aqy 4000 dy krIb EprysLnl eyarkrfPt (hvfeI jhfjL aqy hYlIkOptr) sn. sMn 2005 dy aKIr ivwc amrIkf dI afrmI kol 28,000 bkqrbMd gwzIaF df PlIt sI ijhnF ivwc aYbrYmjL tYNk aqy brYzlI PfeIitMg ivhIkljL vrgIaF gwzIaF sLfml sn. iehnF qoN ielfvf amrIkf dI afrmI aqy mYrIn kOrps kol 1, 40,000 hfeI-moibltI mltIprpjL vIlz ivhIkljL sn. ies dy nfl nfl afrmI kol 4000 jMgI hYlIkOptr aqy keI sO ivMg eyarkrfPt sn. iehnF dy nfl amrIkf dy izpfrtmYNt afP izPYNs kol kfrF, bwsF, hlky trwkF afid vrgIaF 1, 87, 493 gwzIaF hn.(2)


dI grIn jLon: dI ienvfiermYNtl kOsts afP imltrIjLm dy lyKk bYrI sYNzrjL anusfr amrIkf dI afrmI, nyvI aqy eyar Pors kol 43 qrHF dy lVfky jhfjL (PfeItr plynjL), 11 qrHF dy hmlfvfrI jhfjL (atYk plynjL), 13 qrHF dy bMbfr jhfjL (bMbrjL), 16 qrHF dy Bfr Zox vfly jhfjL (kfrgo plynjL) aqy nON vwK vwK iksmF dy hYlIkOptr hn. ies dy nfl nfl imltrI dy AuWc aPsrF dI vrqoN leI amrIkf dI POj kol eyar moibltI kmFz jF ey aYWm sI nF dI afpxI eyarlfeIn hY. ies qoN ielfvf POj dy jrnYlF aqy aYzmfierlF dI inwjI vrqoN leI imltrI kol 71 lIar jYWt, 13 glPstrIm iqMn aqy 17 sYsnf sfeItysLn lgjLrI jYWt hn.(3)


amrIkn POj dIaF ieh msLInF ikMnf ku qyl KFdIaF hn aqy ikMnI ku kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqfvrn ivwc CwzdIaF hn, ies bfry bYrI sYNzrjL ny afpxI ikqfb ivwc bhuq ivsQfr nfl iliKaf hY. Aus ivwc kuwJ jfxkfrI pfTkF nfl sFJIaF krdy hF. sB qoN pihlF amrIkn afrmI vloN huMdI qyl dI Kpq bfry kuwJ qwQ:


* aYbrYm tYNk iek mIl df Pfslf qih krn leI 5 gYln qyl KFdf hY. ies tYNk dy trbfeIn nUM stfrt krn leI hI 10 gYln qyl lwg jFdf hY. lVfeI dOrfn, sOKy Drfql AuWqy ieh tYNk GMty df 252 gYln qyl (jy pI-8 jYWt iPAUl) Kf jFdf hY. iewQy not krn vflI gwl ieh hY ik jy pI -8 jYWt iPAUl afm pYtrol dy mukfbly ijLafdf kfrbnzfiekaOksfeIz Cwzdf hY. tYNkF dI iek izvIjLn, ijs ivwc 348 tYNk huMdy hn, pUry iek idn ivwc 5 lwK gYln qyl Cwk jFdI hY. iek smyN amrIkI POj dy ierfk ivwc 1848 aYbrYm tYNk sn aqy POj AuhnF sfiraF nUM cwldf rwKx dI koisLsL krdI sI. ies df arQ ieh hoieaf ik ierfk ivwc qfienfq ieh tYNk iek idn ivwc 26[5 lwK gYln dy krIb qyl Kpq krdy sn. amrIkn ienvfiermYNtl pRotYksLn eyjMsI anusfr iek pirvfrk kfr aOsqn sfl ivwc 500 gYln qyl KFdI hY. ies df Bfv ieh hoieaf ik ijMnf qyl 1000 kfrF sfl ivwc KFdIaF hn, Aunf qyl aYbrYm tYNkF dI iek izvIjLn iek idn ivwc Kf jFdI hY.

* afrmI df apfcI hYlIkOptr iek gYln jYWt iPAUl nfl awDf mIl kwZdf hY. iek rfq dI ryz ivwc apfcI btflIan dy hYlIkoptrF df iek joVf 60,000 gYln jYWt iPAUl Kf jFdf hY. (4)


amrIkn nyvI vwloN kIqI jFdI qyl dI Kpq df afpxf hI aMdfjL hY. sMn 1991 ivwc amrIkn nyvI dy iek eyarkrfPt kYrIar XU[ aYWs[ aYWs ieMzIpYNizt dI qyl dI Kpq bfry ies dy rih cuwky iek kmFzr ny ies qrHF ibafn kIqf sI:


vIaqnfm dy smuMdrI qwt nyVy qfienfq ieh jhfjL rojL df 1,00000 gYln qyl KFdf hY. hr cMhu idnF bfad ieMzIpYNizt 10 lwK gYln qyl lYNdf sI - ijs ivwcoN awDf qyl ies AuWprly jYWt jhfjL Kpq kr idMdy sn. 14 idnF ivwc Pfrs dI KfVI (prsLIan glP) qwk phuMcx leI ieh smuMdrI jhfjL 20 lwK gYln qoN vwD qyl Kf jfvygf. Pfrs dI KfVI ivwc isrP KVHf KVHf hI ieh jhfjL, hr rojL 3 lwK 80 hjLfr gYln pfxI sfP krn leI aqy 40,000 lokF dI vsoN vfly iek sLihr dI loV ijMnI ibjlI pYdf krn leI vwzI mfqrf ivwc qyl Kf jfvygf. (5)


kuwl imlf ky amrIkn nyvI kol 13 eyarkrfPt kYrIar hn. bysLwk XU[ aYWs[ aYWs[ ieMzIpYNizt nUM amrIkn nyvI ny sMn 1998 ivwc 48 sflF dI vrqoN qoN bfad irtfier kr idwqf sI (6) pr ies dI qyl dI Kpq bfry Auprokq ibafn qoN sihjy hI aMdfjLf lfieaf jf skdf hY ik amrIkn nyvI dy dUsry eyarkrfPt kYrIar ikMnI vwzI mfqrf ivwc qyl dI Kpq krdy hoxgy.


amrIkf dI eyarPors POj dIaF sfrIaF sLfKfvF qoN vwD qyl dI Kpq krdI hY.ies bfry kuwJ AudfhrnF ies pRkfr hn:


* sMn 2006 ivwc eyarPors ny 2[6 arb gYln jYWt iPAUl vriqaf sI. eyarPors dy vwzy hYlIkOptr iek mIl ipwCy 5 gYln qyl KFdy hn. pr qyl dI ieh Kpq eyar Pors dy lVfky jhfjLF vwloN KfDy jFdy qyl dy mukfbly kuwJ vI nhIN. Audfhrn leI aYWP-4 PYNtm PfeItr iek GMty ivwc 1600 gYln qyl KFdf hY. aYWP-15 iek GMty ivwc 1580 gYln qyl KFdf hY aqy aYWP-16 iek GMty ivwc 1680 gYln qyl KFdf hY. asIN dyK skdy hF ik ijMnf qyl iek pirvfrk kfr iqMnF sflF ivwc KFdI hY, Aunf jF Aus qoN vwD qyl ieh PfeItr jhfjL iek GMty ivwc Kf jFdy hn.


jdoN iksy lVfky jhfjL nUM suprsOink spIz (avfjL dI rPqfr, 1236 iklomItr pRqI GMtf, nfloN vwD spIz) `qy AuzfAuxf huMdf hY qF pfielt leI jhfjL dy afPtrbrnrF nUM cflU krnf jLrUrI hY. ies nfl jhfjL dI spIz iqMn guxF qwk ho skdI hY aqy qyl dI Kpq 20 guxF vwD jFdI hY. jdoN aYWP-15 lVfky jhfjL dy afPtrbrnr cflU huMdy hn qf ieh iek sikMt ivwc cfr gYln Bfv iek GMty ivwc 14, 400 gYln qyl KFdf hY.


eyarPors df bI-52 bMbfr jhfjL afPtrbrnrF qoN ibnF iek GMty ivwc 3334 gYln qyl KFdf hY. ieh jhfjL 10 imntF ivwc Aunf qyl Kf jFdf hY ijMnf aOsqn qyl iek pirvfrk kfr sfl ivwc KFdI hY. jy bI-52 bMbfr jhfjL dI vrqoN lMmy smyN leI krnI hovy qF ies ivwc asmfn ivwc dubfrf qyl pfAuxf pYNdf hY. amrIkn eyarPors ky sI-135 strYtotYNkr aqy ky sI-10 aYkstYNzr nfmI jhfjL asmfn ivwc dUsry jhfjLF ivwc qyl pfAux leI vrqdI hY. ky sI-10 aYkstYNzr dy qyl stor krn dI smrwQf 60,000 gYln hY. ijMnf qyl ieh jhfjL stor kr skdf hY Aus nfl iek pirvfr aOsqn qOr AuWqy 120 sflF leI afpxI kfr clf skdf hY. not krn vflI gwl ieh hY ik amrIkn eyar Pors kol 94 bI-52 aYWc bMbfr jhfjL hn. (7L)


AuNJ qF eyarPors dI qyl dI Kpq bfry Auprly qwQ kfPI jfxkfrI dy idMdy hn pr asIN ies sMbMD ivwc iek hor jfxkfrI pfTkF nfl sFJI krnI cfhFgy. ieh jfxkfrI jMg dy dOrfn eyarPors dy bMbfr jhfjLF vwloN zkfry jFdy qyl nfl sMbMDq hY.


* jdoN 7 akqUbr 2001 nUM amrIkf ny aPgfinsqfn AuWqy hvfeI hmlf kIqf qF ies hmly ivwc nyvI aqy eyarPors dy bI-2, aYWP-14, aYWP/ey-18, bI-52 bMbfr afid jhfjLF ny ihwsf ilaf. nyvI dy jhfjLF ny afpxy insLfny qoN 500 mIl dUr arb sfgr ivwcly eyarkrfPt kYrIar qoN aqy eyarPors dy jhfjLF ny ihMd mhF sfgr ivcly eyarbys zIgo gfrsIaf qoN Auzfxf BrIaF. hor lVfky jhfjLF ny Pfrs dI KfVI (prsLIan glP) ivwcoN AuzfxF BrIaF. zIgo gfrsIaf qoN AuzfxF Brn vfly jhfjLF ny 12-15 GMty dy smyN leI AuzfxF BrIaF aqy 5,500 mIl dy nyVy qyVy sPr kIqf. Xfd rhy ik iek bI-52 bMbfr jhfjL iek GMty ivwc 3334 gYln jYWt iPAUl KFdf hY, ies leI 12-15 GMty dI PlfeIt dOrfn hr iek bI-52 bMbfr jhfjL ny 40000-50,000 gYln dy nyVy qyl KfDf. Aus rfq dy hvfeI hmly ivwc 10 bI-52 bMbfrF ny ihwsf ilaf. ijs df arQ hY ik iekwly bI-52 bMbfr jhfjF ny hI Aus iek rfq ivwc 5,00,000 gYln qyl KfDf. (8)


ies dy nfl jy asIN dUsry bMbfr jhfjLF, Pfrs dI KfVI ivwc KVHy nyvI dy eyarkrfPt kYrIar jhfjLF, aqy asmfn ivwc jhfjLF nUM qyl splfeI krn vfly jhfjLF vwloN KfDy qyl dI mfqrf vI joV leIey qF ies hvfeI hmly dOrfn hr iek rfq ivwc Kpq hoey kuwl qyl dI mfqrf bI-52 bMbfr jhfjLF vwloN KfDy qyl dI mfqrf nfl ikqy ijLafdf vwD jFdI hY. iewQy Xfd rwKx vflI gwl ieh vI hY ik 7 akqUbr 2001 nUM sLurU hoieaf ieh hvfeI hmlf keI idn cwldf irhf sI. so ies hmly dOrfn ikMnI kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqfvrn ivwc geI hovygI, ies df aMdfjLf pfTk afp hI lf skdy hn.


ies hI qrHF jdoN 19 mfrc 2003 nUM amrIkf vwloN ierfk AuWqy hmlf kIqf igaf qF Aus rfq bgdfd AuWpr hmlf krn leI 1700 hvfeI jhfjLF ny ihwsf ilaf ijhnF ivwc bMbfr, lVfky aqy hor keI qrHF dy jMgI jhfjL sLfml sn.(9) iehnF jhfjLF ny ikMnf qyl KfDf hovygf aqy ikMnI kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqfvrn ivwc CwzI hovygI ies dI klpnf pfTk afp kr skdy hn.


amrIkI POj dIaF kuwJ vwK vwK msLInF vloN Kpq kIqy jFdy qyl dI mfqrf bfry pVH ky mn ivwc ieh svfl AuWTxf suBfvk hI hY ik amrIkn POj sfl ivwc ikMnf qyl Kpq krdI hY. bYrI sYNzrjL anusfr amrIkf dI POj hr rojL 10 lwK bYrl qyl Kpq krdI hY aqy hr rojL 40 kroV pONz jF do lwK tMn dy brfbr grInhfAUs gYsF vfqfvrn ivwc PYlfAuNdI hY. jy asIN sfl df ihsfb lfeIey qF amrIkf dI POj hr sfl 146 arb pONz jF 7 kRoV 30 lwK tMn kfrbn vfqfvrn ivwc PYlfAuNdI hY.(10)


nysLnmfstr[kfm AuWpr 2007 dy ihsfb anusfr dunIaF dy vwK vwK dysLF vloN qyl dI rojLfnf Kpq dy aMkVy idwqy gey hn. iehnF aMkiVaF anusfr dunIaF dy isrP aTfrF dysL aijhy hn jo hr rojL ds lwK bYrl nfloN vwD qyl Kpq krdy hn. kRmvfr ieh dysL hn: amrIkf, cIn, jfpfn, rUs, Bfrq, jrmnI, brfjLIl, knyzf, sfAUdI arbIaf, dwKxI korIaf, mYksIko, PrFs, ieMglYNz, ietlI, ierfn, spyn aqy ieMzonysLIaf. (11) ies df arQ ieh hoieaf ik amrIkf dI POj iehnF dysLF qoN ibnF dunIaF dy hor iekwly iekwly dysL nfloN vwD qyl Kpq krdI hY aqy ies kfrn AuhnF dysLF qoN vwD kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqfvrn ivwc PYlfAuNdI hY.


ies dy nfl hI iek hor qwQ not krn vflf hY ik iek pirvfrk kfr sfl ivwc 10 hjLfr pONz dy brfbr dI kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqvrn ivwc PYlfAuNdI hY. ies ihsfb nfl amrIkf dI imltrI iek sfl ivwc AunI kfrbnzfieaOksfeIz vfqfvrn ivwc CwzdI hY ijMnI kfrbnzfiekaOksfeIz 1 kroV 46 lwK kfrF sfl ivwc CwzdIaF hn.


vfqfvrn ivwc ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI PYlfAux ivwc POj dI BUimkf:
ipCly kuwJ sflF dOrfn sfhmxy afeIaF vwK vwK irportF qoN ieh gwl sfP hoeI hY ik amrIkf aqy Aus dIaF BfeIvfl POjF ny ierfk aqy aPgfinsqfn ivwc aqy nYto dIaF POjF ny kOsvo ivwc aijhy hiQafrF dI vrqoN kIqI hY ijhnF ivwc izplIitz XurynIam vriqaf igaf sI. jdoN kudrqI XurynIam nUM prmfxU ibjlI pYdf krn vfly rIaYktrF ivwc bflx leI iqafr (ienirwc) kIqf jFdf hY qF Aus aml dOrfn bfeI pRozkt (rihMd KUhMd) dy rUp ivwc izplIitz XUrynIam pYdf huMdf hY. ieh XurynIam bhuq Kqrnfk pwDr qwk ryzIEaYkitv huMdf hY. pr ies dI iek KUbI ieh vI hY ik ieh tYNkF aqy kMkrIt dy moricaF nUM bhuq sOiKaF hI qoVH skdf hY. pYNtfgn dy afpxy sLbdF ivwc, ijs qrHF “iek grm cfkU mwKx nUM kwtdf hY”(12) Aus qrHF izplItz XurynIam tYNkF aqy hor POjI bkqrbMd gwzIaF nUM kwtdf hY. ies leI ipCly kuwJ dhfikaF dOrfn POj ny ies nUM bMbF, imjLfielF aqy goilaF ivwc vrqxf sLurU kr idwqf hY.


jdoN izplIitz XurynIam dy isry vflf golf jF imjLfiel iksy tYNk jF kMkrIt dy morcy nfl vwj ky Pwtdf hY qF ieh bhuq AuWcy qfpmfn AuWqy bldf hoieaf iek awg df BFbV pYdf krdf hY. AuWcy qfpmfn kfrn ieh tYNk dI motI cfdr jF morcy dI keI mItr motI kMkrIt dI qih nUM pfVdf hoieaf afpxy sMprk ivwc afAux vflI hr cIjL nUM rfK ivwc qbdIl kr idMdf hY. XurynIam aOksfeIz nfl BrpUr ieh rfK bhuq hI ryzIEaYkitv huMdI hY aqy hvf nfl AuWz ky keI mIlF qwk jf skdI hY, sfh lYx nfl mnuwKI srIr aMdr dfKl ho skdI hY, bUitaF aqy drwKqF aqy jfnvrF vloN jjLb kIqI jf skdI hY aqy sfzIaF Kfx pIx dIaF vsqF df ihwsf bx skdI hY. DrqI ivwc jjLb hox qoN bfad ieh DrqI hyTly pfxI ivwc rl skdI hY aqy Aus ivwc XurynIam dI imkdfr nUM sYNkVy guxF vDf skdI hY. (13) iek vfr vfqfvrn ivwc PYlx qoN bfad izplItz XurynIam vfqfvrn ivwc arbF sfl rihMdf hY ikAuNik ies dI “hfP-lfeIP” 4[5 arb sfl hY.


vfqfvrn qoN mnuwKI srIr ivwc phuMicaf izplItz XurynIam mnuwKF `qy keI qrHF dy mfrU asr pfAuNdf hY. ies nfl kYNsr ho skdI hY. ies dI mfr hyT afey mfipaF dy jMmx vfly bwcy apMg pYdf ho skdy hn. ies nfl mnuwK dy aMdrly aMg PylH ho skdy hn aqy ivakqI ivwc eyzjL vrgy lwCx pYdf ho skdy hn. (14)


ipCly kuwJ sflF dOrfn jMgF ivwc amrIkI aqy Aus dIaF BfeIvfl POjF ny ikMnf ku izplItz XurynIam vfqfvrx ivwc PYlfieaf hY? ies bfry vwK vwK irportF ivwc idwqI jfxkfrI ivwcoN kuwJ aMkVy sLfml hn. dfhr jmyl anusfr sMn 2003 dy hmly dOrfn amrIkf aqy brqfnIaf dIaF POjF ny ierfk ivwc 1700 tMn qoN vwD izplItz XurynIam vriqaf sI aqy 1991 dI KfVI dI jMg (glP vfr) dOrfn 320 tMn izplItz XurynIam vriqaf igaf sI. (15) bYrI sYNzrjL anusfr sMn 1991 dI KfVI jMg smyN amrIkI POjF AuWqy bMdsLF sn ik Auh izpiltz XurynIan dI vrqoN mfrUQl ivwc mnuwKI vsoN qoN dUr hI kr skdIaF sn. pr 2003 dI ierfk dI jMg dOrfn ies qrHF dIaF bMdsLF nhIN sn. nqIjy vjoN ies vfr POj vloN izplItz XurynIam dI vrqoN vsoN vfly ielfikaF ivwc vI kIqI geI.(16) ilAurYn morYt anusfr sMn 2001 ivwc aPgfinsqfn ivwc 800 qoN 1000 tMn izplItz XurynIam vriqaf igaf sI. (17)


ierfk aqy aPgfinsqfn ivwc izplItz XurynIam dI vrqoN AuWQoN dy lokF dI ishq AuWpr bhuq hI mfrU asr pf rhI hY. ierfk bfry CpIaF bhuq sfrIaF irportF aqy aiDan ieh drsfAuNdy hn ik ierfk dIaF dovyN jMgF qoN bfad AuWQoN dy lokF ivwc kYNsr dI bImfrI bhuq ijLafdf vwD geI hY. ierfk dI klfkfrf aqy lyKkf nuhf al rfdI dI zfierI (bgdfd zfierIjL) ivwcoN kuwJ sLbd ies siQqI df ies qrHF ibafn krdy hn:


jfpdf hY ik hr koeI kYNsr nfl mr irhf hY. hr rojL iksy dosq jF imwqr dy mrn dI Kbr suxn nUM imldI hY. hspqflF ivwc hor ikMny lok mrdy hn ijhnF nUM asIN nhIN jfxdy. jLfhrf qOr `qy 30 PIsdI qoN vwD ierfkI lokF nUM kYNsr hY, aqy bhuq sfry bwicaF nUM lkImIaf. amrIkf dy bMbF kfrn ipwCy rih gey XurynIam ny ierfk nUM kYNsr pIVq dysL bxf idwqf hY. afAux vfly sYNkVy sflF dOrfn izplItz XurynIam ierfk aqy ies dy afly duafly dy ielfikaF ivwc afpxf kihr vrqfAuNdf rhygf.(18)


PrvrI 2010 ivwc aljjLIrf dy vYWbsfeIt AuWpr Cpy iek afrtIkl ivwc jlfl gfjLI ilKdf hY ik bgdfd dy dwKx dy sUby bfibl ivwc 2004 ivwc kYNsr dI bImfrI dy 500 kys sn aqy sMn 2009 ivwc iehnF kysF dI igxqI 9082 qwk phuMc geI sI. ies hI qrHF sMn 2005 ivwc ierfk dy sLihr bsry ivwc kYNsr dy 1885 kys sn aqy sMn 2007 ivwc ieh igxqI 3071 ho geI sI. AuWQoN dy kYNsr nfl sMbMDq sYNtr dy zfierYktr df kihxf hY ik hux hr mhIny 1250 qoN 1500 kYNsr dy mrIjL Aus dy sYNtr ivwc afAuNdy hn.(19)


iehnF ielfikaF dy vfqfvrn ivwc izplItz XurynIam dy PYlx kfrn AuWQoN dy lokF ivwc isrP kYNsr dI bImfrI hI nhIN vwD rhI sgoN AuWQy jMmx vfly bwcy vI apMg pYdf ho rhy hn. sMn 2004 ivwc amrIkf dIaF POjF ny PlUjf AuWpr bhuq vwzI bMbfrI kIqI sI. nqIjy vwjoN ies smyN AuWQy jMmx vfly 25 PIsdI bwicaF ivwc koeI nf koeI gMBIr ivgfV huMdf hY. (20) iek hor irport anusfr dwKxI ierfk ivwc bhuq sfry aijhy bwcy pYdf ho rhy hn ijhnF dy idmfg nhIN hn, ijhnF dy aMdrUnI aMg srIr dy bfhr hn, keI bwicaF dy jxn-aMg nhIN hn, keIaF dy rIV dIaF hwzIaF nhIN hn. ierfk ivwc jMmx vfly bwicaF ivwc koeI gMBIr ivgfV hox df eynf vwzf Kqrf hY ik afm qOr `qy bwcy dy jnm `qy mfvF ieh nhIN puwCdIaF ik bwcf muMzf hY jF kuVI sgoN ieh puwCdIaF hn ik bwcy ivwc koeI ivgfV qF nhIN. (21)


aPgfinsqfn dy ijhnF ielfikaF ivwc vI izplItz XurynIam vfly bMbF dI vrqoN kIqI geI sI, AuhnF ielfikaF ivwc vI keI qrHF nfl apMg bwcy pYdf ho rhy hn. aPgfn izplItz XurynIam aqy rIkvrI PMz dy zfierYktr zf: dfAud imrfkI df kihxf hY ik pwCmI aqy dwKxI-pwCmI aPgfinsqfn ivwc jMmx vfly bwicaF ivwcoN keIaF dy awKF nhIN huMdIaF, keIaF dy hwQ-pYr nhIN huMdy aqy keIaF dy mUMhF aqy awKF ivwc bfhr nUM vDIaF hoeIaF rsOlIaF huMdIaF hn. (22)


bysLwk amrIkI POj vwloN ieh mMnx qoN ienkfr kIqf jf irhf hY ik ierfk aqy aPgfinsqfn ivwc lokF ivwckfr ies qrHF dIaF bImfrIaF dy vfDy aqy iehnF dysLF dIaF jMgF dOrfn vrqy gey izplItz XurynIam df koeI sMbMD hY, pr bhuq sfry lok aqy zfktr ieh dfavf kr rhy hn ik iehnF dohF df iswDf sMbMD hY. ijvyN pihlF ikhf jf cuwkf hY ik iek vfr vfqfvrn ivwc PYilaf XurynIam afAux vfly hjLfrF sflF qwk rihMdf hY, ies leI ieh nqIjf kwZxf koeI glq nhIN ik bysLwk ieh jMgF Kqm vI ho jfx aqy ivdysLI POjF iehnF dysLF qoN bfhr vI af jfx, iPr vI iehnF dysLF dy lok vfqfvrn dy ies pRdUsLn kfrn afAux vfly lMmy smyN qwk duwK Jldy rihxgy.


bysLwk iewQy asIN amrIkf aqy Aus dy BfeIvflF vwloN izplItz XurynIam vfly hiQafr vrqx dIaF AudfhrnF hI idwqIaF hn pr kYNpn agyNst izplItz XurynIam dy iek lIPlYWt anusfr ies smyN dunIaf ivwc 18 dysLF kol ieh hiQafr hn. ieh dysL hn: XU[ky[, amrIkf, PrFs, rUs, cIn, grIs, qurkI, QfeIlYNz, qfievfn, iejLrfiel, bihrIn, imsr, kuvyq, sfAUdI arbIaf, ihMdusqfn, bYlrUs, pfiksqfn aqy Emfn. sfP hY ik iehnF dysLF vwloN ieh hiQafr vrqy jfx dI sMBfvnf sdf bxI rhygI. iehnF dysLF ivwc bhuiqaF nUM ieh hiQafr amrIkf vwloN vycy gey hn pr XU[ ky[, PrFs aqy pfiksqfn ny ieh hiQafr afpxy qOr AuWqy iqafr kIqy hn. (23)



bfrUdI surMgF (lYNz mfeInjL) aqy vfqfvrn df nuksfn
XUnIvristI afP kYlyPornIaf dy eIkoisstm sfieMsjL izvIjLn nfl sMbMDq ey[ ey[ brHy anusfr ies smyN dunIaf Br ivwc DrqI hyT ivCfeIaF geIaF bfrUdI surMgF (lYNz mfeInjL) dI igxqI 8-12 kRoV dy ivckfr hY. ieh bfrUdI surMgF cfr mhFdIpF- aPrIkf, amrIkf, eysLIaf aqy XUrp - dy 90 dysLF dI DrqI hyT ivCIaF peIaF hn. iehnF ivwcoN keI dysLF ivwc bfrUdI surMgF dI igxqI bhuq hI Kqrnfk pwDr qwk phuMcI hoeI hY. Audfhrn leI kMbozIaf aqy bOsnIaf dy hr iek nfgirk dy ihwsy DrqI hyT ivCfeI iek iek bfrUdI surMg afAuNdI hY. aPgfinsqfn, ierfk, kroeysLIaf, iertIrIaf aqy suzfn dy hr do nfgirkF dy ihwsy iek iek bfrUdI surMg afAuNdI hY. iehnF bfrUdI surMgF kfrn dunIaf ivwc hr hPqy 800 lok mfry jFdy hn aqy 1200 dy krIb lok apfhj bxdy hn. (24) DrqI hyT ivCIaF ieh bfrUdI surMgF isrP eynI vwzI igxqI ivwc lokF nUM mfrdIaF jF apfhj hI nhIN bxfAuNdIaF sgoN ieh vfqfvrn nUM vI gMBIr nuksfn phuMcfAuNdIaF hn.


bfrUdI surMgF kfrn vfqfvrn nUM hox vflf sB qoN vwzf nuksfn ieh hY ik iehnF kfrn DrqI df bhuq sfrf ihwsf vrqoN ivwc nhIN ilaFdf jf skdf. jy jLmIn dy iksy tukVy ivwc iek vI bfrUdI surMg ivCfeI hox df Kqrf hovy qF Auh sfrf tukVf vriqaf nhIN jf skdf. iek aMdfjLy anusfr bfrUdI surMgF kfrn ies smyN dunIaF Br ivwc 9 lwK vrg iklomItr (9 kroV hYktyar) DrqI vrqoN dy aXog ho geI hY jF nuksfnI geI hY. ilibaf dI 8[9 PIsdI KyqIXog jLmIn, iertIrIaf dI 5 PIsdI DrqI ivwc bfrUdI surMgF ivCIaF hoeIaF hn, ijs dy nqIjy vwjoN ies DrqI ivwc KyqI nhIN kIqI jf skdI. (25) bOsnIaf dy kuwl KyqrPl dy 3[6 PIsdI ihwsy (1820 vrg iklomItr) ivwc bfrUdI surMgF ivCfeIaF hoeIaF hn, ies leI eynI DrqI vrqoN qoN bfhr hY. (26) ihAUmn rfeIts vfc dI iek irport anusfr aPgfinsqfn ivwc 72 kroV 40 lwK vrg mItr DrqI bfrUdI surMgF dI mfr hyT hY. ieh bfrUdI surMgF sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan dIaF POjF, nfrdrn alfieMs ijhVy hux XUnfietz PrMt dy nF nfly jfxy jFdy hn aqy amrIkf dy imwqr hn afid vwloN ivCfeIaF geIaF hn. nfrdrn alfieMs nUM ieh bfrUdI surMgF awsIivaF ivwc amrIkf vwloN idwqIaF geIaF sn. ieh bfrUdI surMgF pyNzU aqy sLihrI ielfikaF ivwc cfrgfhF, KyqIXog jLmInF, isMcfeI pRbMDF, irhfiesLI ielfikaF, sVkF aqy rsiqaF ivwc ivCfeIaF geIaF hn.(27)


KyqIXog jLmIn ivwc bfrUdI surMgF dy ivCy hox nfl AuhnF dysLF dy KyqI-Auqpfdn ivwc kmI afAuNdI hY ijhnF dysLF ivwc bfrUdI surMgF dI smwisaf bhuq gMBIr hY. brHy sMn 2000 ivwc Cpy iek aiDan dy hvfly nfl ilKdf hY ik jy aPgfinsqfn, kMbozIaf, bOsnIaf aqy mojLMbIk ivwc bfrUdI surMgF nf huMdIaF qF sMn 2000 ivwc jMg qoN pihlF dy Auqpfdn dy mukfbly aPgfinsqfn ivwc KyqI Auqpfdn 88-200 PIsdI, kMbozIaf ivwc 135 PIsdI, bOsnIaf ivwc 11 PIsdI aqy mojLMbIk ivwc 3[6 PIsdI vwD skdf sI. ies dy nfl hI brHy aPrIkf dy sb-shfrf ielfky dI siQqI bfry ihsfb lf ky dsdf hY ik jy dunIaF Br ivwc bfrUdI surMgF kfrn KyqI dy Xog nf rih geI 9 lwK vrg iklomItr DrqI dy cOQy ihwsy ivwc hI bfrUdI surMgF nf huMdIaF aqy ieh jLmIn vfhI aDIn huMdI qF Aus ivwcoN pYdf hox vfly anfj nfl sb-shfrf ielfky dy 16 lwK lokF nUM sfl Br leI Kfxf iKlfieaf jf skdf sI. (28)


iek vfr ijhVI DrqI ivwc bfrUdI surMgF ivC jfx, Aus DrqI nUM sfP krky dubfrf vrqoN Xog bxfAuxf bhuq aOKf aqy mihMgf kMm hY. ies leI bfrUdI surMgF vflI DrqI vfly dysLF dy lokF nUM bfrUdI surMgF dy nqIjy sYNkVy sflF qwk Bugqxy pYxgy. Audfhrn leI iek bfrUdI surMg nUM ivCfAux df Krcf 3 zflr afAuNdf pr Aus nUM lwB ky DrqI qoN bfhr kwZx df Krcf 300 - 1000 zflr dy ivckfr hY. jy bfrUdI surMgF ivCfAux df kfrj iek dm pUrI qrHF bMd vI kr idwqf jfvy qF hux qwk ivCfeIaF jf cuwkIaF bfrUdI surMgF nUM htfAux leI 33 arb zflr Krc afAuxgy aqy ijMny lok ies kMm ivwc lwgy hoey hn aqy iehnF nUM htfAux leI ijs qrHF dI qknOlojI mOjUd hY, Aus dy ihsfb nfl dunIaf ivwc hux qwk ivCfeIaF jf cuwkIaF bfrUdI surMgF nUM htfAux leI 1100 sfl lwgxgy.(29)


hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn aqy sMBfl dOrfn vfqfvrn df nuksfn
hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn, sMBfl, murMmq aqy Zoaf-ZuafeI dOrfn vwzI pwDr AuWqy jLihrIly pdfrQ pYdf huMdy hn aqy vfqfvrn df nuksfn krdy hn. ies sMbMD ivwc asIN jIv-ivigafnk (bfieElOjIkl), rsfiexk (kYmIkl) aqy prmfxU (inAUklIar) hiQafrF dy sMbMD ivwc kuwJ AudfhrnF dyK skdy hF.


iPjIsLn Pfr globl srvfeIvl (kYnyzf) leI sMn 2004 ivwc iqafr kIqI afpxI irport ivwc abIr mjId ilKdf hY ik dUjI sMsfr jMg dy aKIr `qy qkrIbn qkrIbn Aus lVfeI ivwc ihwsf lYx vfly hr vwzy dysL df afpxf afpxf bfieElOjIkl hiQafr bxfAux df pRogrfm sI. ieh hiQafr bxfAux vflIaF aqy iehnF hiQafrF nUM tYst krn vflIaF QFvF ajy vI bImfrIaF dy BMzfr hn. mjId ny afpxI irport ivwc amrIkf, sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan, XU[ ky[ aqy jfpfn dIaF muwK QFvF dI ilst idwqI hY. Aus anusfr amrIkf ny 6 bfieElOjIkl eyjMtF df hiQafrF ivwc iesqymfl kIqf sI aqy 23 hor eyjMtF AuWqy Koj kIqI sI. (iewQy eyjMt qoN Bfv hY koeI vI aijhf bYktIrIaf jF vfiers jF jLihrIlf pdfrQ ijs dI jMg ivwc bfieElOjIkl hiQafr vjoN vrqoN kIqI jf sky.) sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ny 10 bfieElOjIkl eyjMtF df hiQafrF ivwc iesqymfl kIqf sI aqy 16 hor eyjMtF AuWqy Koj kIqI sI. XU[ ky[ ny aYNQrYks df hiQafrF ivwc iesqymfl kIqf sI aqy ies qoN ibnF plyg, tfeIPfeIz aqy bOtUiln tOkisn AuWqy Koj kIqI sI. jfpfn ny 8 bfieElOjIkl eyjMtF df hiQafrF ivwc iesqymfl kIqf sI aqy 9 hor eyjMtF AuWqy Koj kIqI sI. (30)


jnyvf siQwq ieMtrnYsLnl pIs ibEro vwloN sMn 2002 pRkfsLq kIqy iek aiDan “dI imltrIjL ieMpYkt afn dI ienvfiermYNt: ey nYglYktz aYspYkt afP dI sstynybl izvYlpmYNt irport” ivwc dfavf kIqf igaf sI ik amrIkf kuwJ aijhy PMgI (AuWlIaF) aqy vfiersF AuWqy Koj kr irhf sI ijhVy aPIm, zoizaF, BMg aqy kokf dy bUitaF df nfsL kr skxgy. iehnF vfiersF nUM AuhnF QFvF AuWqy vrqx dI Xojnf sI ijwQy aPIm, zoizaF, BMg aqy koky dI gYr-kfnUMnI KyqI kIqI jFdI hY. amrIkf kolMbIaf aqy brmf vrgy dysLF AuWqy iehnF vfiersF dI vrqoN krn leI jLor pf irhf sI. ies aiDan ivwc ieh iPkr jLfhr kIqf igaf sI ik amrIkf vwloN aijhf krn nfl bfieElOjIkl hiQafrF dI vrqoN bfry aMqrrfsLtrI mnfhIaF dy kmjLor hox aqy mnuwKI ishq aqy vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn hox df vwzf Kqrf hY. aiDan anusfr jy iehnF PMgI (AuWlIaF) dI vrqoN kIqI geI qF AuhnF AuuWqy kMtrol krnf bhuq musLikl hovygf aqy Auh vrqoN dy afpxy imwQy ielfky qoN bfhr jf ky vfqfvrn dI pRdUsLnqf df kfrn bx jfxgy.(31)


bfieElOjIkl hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn qoN ibnF iehnF nUM sMBflx aqy iehnF nUM nsLt krn smyN vI vfqfvrn dy pRdUsLn df Kqrf bixaf rihMdf hY. ies sMbMD ivwc sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan vwloN aYNQrYks nUM DrqI hyT dwbx dI Audfhrn dyKI jf skdI hY. sMn 1988 ivwc sovIaq XUnIan dy ivigafnIaF ny sYNkVy tMn aYNQrYks stynlYWs stIl dy ZolF ivwc pf ky arl smuMdr dy iek tfpU - vojLrodIinaf afeIlYNz - AuWpr 11 toieaF ivwc dwb idwqI sI. ies aYNQrYks nUM DrqI hyT dwbx qoN pihlF ZolF ivwc ies AuWpr blIc pfieaf igaf sI qFik aYNQrYks dy bIjfxUaF nUM nsLt kIqf jf sky. sMn 1999 ivwc jdoN Aus QF dI imwtI dy tYWst kIqy gey ijwQy ieh aYNQrYks dwbI geI sI qF tYWstF dy nqIijaF qoN pqf lwigaf sI ik iek dhfky bfad vI aYNQrYks dy keI bIjfxU ijLMdf sn. iehnF nqIijaF nUM dyKidaF AujLyibksqfn aqy kjLfKsqfn (ijhnF do dysLF df Aus smyN ies tfpU `qy kMtrol sI) dy mfhrF ny iPkr jLfhr kIqf sI ik jy ieh jIvq bIjfxU iksy qrIky nfl AuhnF dI DrqI AuWqy phuMc jfx qF Auh iehnF dysLF dy visLMidaF leI ishq nUM Kqrf bx skdy hn. (32)


bysLwk sMn 1997 ivwc lfgU hoeI kYmIkl vYpnjL knvYnsLn (sI zbilAU sI) anusfr rsfiexk (kYmIkl) hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn aqy jMg ivwc AuhnF dI vrqoN `qy mnfhI hY iPr vI iek lMmF smF dunIaf dy vwK vwK dysL iehnF hiQafrF df Auqpfdn krdy rhy hn aqy ies smyN dOrfn ieh hiQafr bxfAux vflIaF QFvF vfqfvrn ivwc pRdUsLn PYlfAux df kfrn bxdIaF rhIaF hn. ies sMbMD ivwc amrIkf dy sUby kOlrYzo ivwclI QF rOkI mfAUNtyn arsnl dI Audfhrn dyKI jf skdI hY. nrv gYs dy hiQafr bxfAux vflI ies QF AuWpr 1950ivaF qoN bfad hjLfrF tMn jLihrIly pdfrQF df BMzfr rwiKaf igaf sI. pihlF pihl hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn dOrfn pYdf hox vflI rihMd-KUhMd nUM AuNJ hI hiQafrF dI PYktrI dI QF AuWpr suwt idwqf jFdf irhf. iPr jdoN ieh pqf lwgf ik ies rihMd KUhMd ivwcly kwuJ jLihrIly pdfrQF ny irs ky DrqI hyTly pfxI nUM pRdUsLq kr idwqf hY aqy ies pfxI nfl isMjIaF PslF qbfh hox lwgIaF hn qF ies rihMd KUMhd nUM DrqI hyT 2[5 mIl zUMGf bor kr ky suwtxf sLurU kr idwqf. aijhf krn dy pihly pMj sflF dOrfn hI 16 kRoV 50 lwK gYln rsfiexk aqy bfieElOjIkl rihMd KUhMd DrqI hyT suwt idwqI geI. (33) iek smyN amrIkf ivwc rsfiexk aqy bfieElOjIkl hiQafr bxfAux dIaF 150 lYbfrtrIaF sn. (34) rOkI mfAuNtyn ivclI QF bfry AuWpr dwsy aMkiVaF nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF asIN sihjy hI aMdfjLf lf skdy hF ik smuwcy amrIkf ivwclIaF 150 lYbfrtrIaF kfrn ikMnI ku jLihrIlI rihMd KUMhd vfqfvrn ivwc suwtI geI hovygI. rsfiexk hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn dOrfn vfqfvrn dy pRdUsLn dI siQqI sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc vI amrIkf vrgI hI sI. Audfhrn leI sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan df sLihr jLYrihMsk rsfiexk hiQafr Auqpfdn df kyNdr irhf sI aqy Aus sLihr dy vfqfvrn ivwc zfieaOkisn dI mfqrf dunIaF Br ivwcoN sB qoN ijLafdf sI. (35) zfieaOkisn iek aijhf jLihrIlf rsfiex (kYmIkl) hY jo kYNsr rog df kfrn hox dy nfl keI hor ZMgF nfl mnuwKI ishq nUM nuksfn phuMcf skdf hY.


rsfiexk hiQafrF nUM nsLt krn df kfrj vfqfvrn nUM dUisLq krn ivwc vwzf rol inBfAuNdf hY. dUjI sMsfr jMg qoN lY ky swqrivaF dy sLurU qwk rsfiexk hiQafrF nUM nsLt krn leI AuhnF nUM smuMdr ivwc suwt idwqf jFdf sI. sMn 1945 qoN lY ky sMn 1970 qwk rsfiexk hiQafrF nUM smuMdr ivwc suwtx dIaF 100 qoN vwD GtnfvF vfprIaF sn. ies smyN dOrfn arkitk mhFsfgr dy isvfey hr iek mhFsfgr ivwc rsfiexk hiQafr suwty gey. (36) sMn 1945-48 dOrfn amrIkf ny dUjI sMsfr jMg dy Kfqmy qoN bfad jrmnI qoN kbjLy ivwc kIqy 32,000 tMn rsfiexk hiQafr smuMdr ivwc suwty. ies hI smyN dOrfn brqfnIaf ny 1, 75000 tMn rsfiexk hiQafr smuMdr ivwc suwty ijhnF ivwc 1,00000 tMn skftlYNz qoN sn aqy bfkI dy jrmn qoN kbjLy ivwc ley gey sn. sMn 1955-57 dOrfn brqfnIaf ny 25000 tMn hor rsfiexk hiQafr smuMdr ivwc suwty ijhVy Aus ny jrmnI qoN afpxy kbjLy hyT ley sn. (37) ies hI qrHF dUjI sMsfr jMg qoN bfad sovIaq XUnIan ny gotlYNz aqy bOrnhOlm afeIlYNz dy nyVy dy smuMdr ivwc 30,000 tMn rsfiexk hiQafr suwty sn. (38) vwK vwK irportF/aiDanF ivwc vwK vwK sRoqF qoN lY ky idwqy aMkVy iek dUsry nfl myl nhIN KFdy, ies leI pwky qOr AuWqy ieh kihxf bhuq musLikl hY ik ikMny rsfiexk hiQafr smuMdr ivwc suwty gey hn. ieh jfx lYxf hI kfPI hY ik dunIaF dy vwK vwK dysLF vwloN lwKF tMn rsfiexk hiQafr dunIaF dy vwK vwK smuMdrF ivwc suwty gey hn.


smuMdrF ivwc suwty iehnF rsfiexk hiQafrF dy smuMdrI vfqfvrn aqy jIv jMqUaF AuWqy iks qrHF dy asr pey hn, ies bfry pwkf pqf nhIN ikAuNik ies bfry bhuq Gwt Koj hoeI hY. kI ieh hiQafr lMmf smF smuMdr ivwc rih ky Krfb ho ky lIk krn lwg skdy hn jF nhIN, iehnF hiQafrF ivwc vrqy rsfiexk pdfrQ pfxI ivwc iks qrHF dI pRiqikRaf krngy, ies bfry vI koeI spsLt irportF/aiDan nhIN hn. POjF vloN rwKy jFdy Byd kfrn nf hI smuMdrF ivwc AuhnF sfrIaF QFvF bfry pqf hY ijwQy ijwQy rsfiexk hiQafr suwty gey sn. pr smuMdr ivwc suwty hiQafrF dy lIk hox dIaF kuwJ irportF jLrUr imldIaF hn. abIr mjId anusfr sMn 1985 aqy 1995 ivckfr zwc mCyiraF ny 350 qoN vwD kysF bfry irportF kIqIaF sn jdoN bflitk smuMdr ivwc suwty gey rsfiexk hiQafrF ivwcoN kuwJ AuhnF dy mwCIaF PVHn vfly jflF ivwc Ps ky AuWpr af gey sn.(39) ies hI qrHF aYzrIaYitk smuMdr ivwclI bfrI hfrbr ivwc suwty rsfiexk hiQafrF ivwcoN mstrz gYs lIk hox dy 230 kysF dIaF irportF imldIaF hn. (40)


1970ivaF ivwc rsfiexk hiQafrF nUM smuMdr ivwc suwtx qoN mnfhI kr idwqI geI. sMn 1997 ivwc kYmIkl vYpnjL knvYnsLn (sI zbilAU sI) dy lfgU hox bfad ies knvYnsLn AuWpr dsqKq krn vfly dysLF qy sLrq rwKI geI sI ik Auh rsfiexk hiQafrF df Auqpfdn nhIN krngy aqy ies knvYnsLn AuWqy dsqKq krn qoN bfad 10 sflF dy ivwc ivwc afpxy rsfiexk hiQafrF dy BMzfr nUM Kqm kr dyxgy. ies smyN iehnF hiQafrF nUM Kqm krn leI do ZMg vrqy jFdy hn. iek ZMg ivwc iehnF hiQafrF nUM DrqI AuWprlIaF QFvF ivwc suwtx qoN pihlF byasr (inAUtrflfeIjL) krnf jLrUrI hY aqy dUsry ZMg ivwc iehnF hiQafrF nUM BwTIaF ivwc bfl ky AuWcIaF icmnIaF rfhIN vfqfvrn ivwc Cwizaf jFdf hY. ies ZMg nfl Kqrnfk svfh pYdf huMdI hY. 1990ivaF ivwc amrIkf vwloN jOhnsn aYtol dy pYsyiPk afeIlYNz ivwc nrv gYs aqy hor rsfiexk pdfrQF dy hiQafrF nUM nsLt krn kfrn Aus ielfky dy vfqfvrn ivwc hlkI pwDr dI zfieaOkisn gYs dy aMsL imly sn. (41) ivkIpIzIaf anusfr dunIaf dy 195 dysLF ivwcoN 188 dysLF ny kYmIkl vYpnjL knvYnsLn AuWpr dsqKq kIqy hn. nqIjy vwjoN bhuq sfry dysLF ny rsfiexk hiQafrF dy BMzfr Kqm kr idwqy hn. pr QoVHy ijhy dysLF afpxy pUry rsfiexk hiQafr Kqm nhIN kr sky. Audfhrn leI amrIkf ny afpxy bhuq sfry rsfiexk hiQafr nsLt kr idwqy hn pr pYNtfgn anusfr amrIkf afpxy sfry hiQafr 2023 qwk hI nsLt kr skygf. ies hI qrHF rUs ajy afpxy sfry rsfiexk hiQafr Kqm nhIN kr sikaf. rUs df dfavf hY ik Auh afpxy sfry rsfiexk hiQafr 2012 qwk nsLt kr dyvygf pr amrIkf dy jnrl akfAuNitMg dPqr df aMdfjLf hY ik rUs afpxy sfry rsfiexk hiQafr 2027 qwk Kqm kr skygf. (42) iehnF irportF nUM dyKidaF asIN afs kr skdy hF ik afAux vfly smyN ivwc dunIaf qoN rsfiexk hiQafrF df Kfqmf ho jfvygf pr iehnF hiQafrF kfrn DrqI dy vfqfvrn df jo nuksfn hoieaf hY jF smuMdr ivwc suwty iehnF hiQafrF kfrn BivwK ivwc DrqI dy vfqfvrn nUM jo nuksfn ho skdf hY Aus bfry asIN pwkI qrHF kuwJ nhIN kih skdy.


prmfxU hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn aqy AuhnF dy tYstF aqy sFB-sMBfl dOrfn vfqfvrn ivwc vwzI pwDr AuWqy pRdUsLn PYldf hY. abIr mjId anusfr prmfxU hiQafr bxfAux dy muwK pVfa ies qrHF hn: KfxF ivwcoN XurynIan kwZxf aqy iqafr krnf, hiQafr bxfAux dI pwDr dy plftInm df Auqpfdn, prmfxU hiQafrF dy purjLy joVnf (asMblI) aqy Zoaf ZuafeI, hiQafrF dy tYWst, hiQafrF df BMzfrIkrn, hiQafrF dy purijLaF nUM vwK vwK krnf (izsasMblI) aqy Aus kfrn pYdf hoey XurynIam, plftInm, trfeItIam aqy rsfiexk tirwgrF nfl nijwTxf. (43) iehnF ivwcoN hr pVfa ivwc dI lMGidaF vfqfvrn pRdUsLq huMdf hY jF vfqfvrn dy pRdUsLn df Kqrf bixaf rihMdf hY. Audfhrn leI, iek aOsq pwDr df prmfxU bMb bxfAux leI KfxF ivwcoN XurynIam kwZx smyN 2000 tMn dI XurynIam dI rihMd-KUhMd (jo ik kfPI ryzIEaYkitv huMdI hY), 4 tMn izplItz XurynIam aqy 50 Gx-tMn (ikAUibk tMn) nIvyN pwDr dI ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUMhd pYdf huMdI hY. (44) sMn 1945 qoN lY ky hux qwk iqafr kIqy inAUklIar vfr hYWzjL (prmfxU bMb nUM afpxy insLfny qwk lY jfx vfly imjLfiel dy isrF) dI aMdfjLx igxqI 1,28000 hY ijhnF ivwcoN 55 PIsdI amrIkf aqy 45 PIsdI rUs vwloN iqafr kIqy gey hn. (45)


iehnF prmfxU hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn dOrfn ikMnI ku ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUMhd pYdf hoeI hovygI. ies bfry amrIkn sfieMitst ivwc Cpy kYivn krOlI aqy jOhn aYWP aihrn dy afrtIkl “mYnyijMg dI ienvfiermYNtl lYgysI afP XU[ aYWs[ inAUklIar vYpnjL pRozksLn” ivwcoN kuwJ jfxkfrI pysL hY . iehnF lyKkF anusfr amrIkf df pRmfxU hiQafr bxfAux df qfxf-bfxf kfPI vwzf hY aqy dysL dy vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc PYilaf hoieaf hY. ies qfxy-bfxy nfl sMbMDq 16 pRmuwK QFvF ivwcoN kuwJ vwzIaF QFvF hn: hYnPorz, dI iezfho nYsLnl ieMjnIairMg aYNz ienvfiermYNtl lYbfrtrI, Ek irwj aqy dwKxI kYrolInf siQwq sYvfnfh irvr. iehnF QFvF AuWqy hiQafr bxfAux, nyvI dy iPAUl aqy isvlIan vrqoN leI prmfxU smwgrI (ienircz XurynIam, plftInm aqy trfeIitam) df Auqpfdn kIqf igaf. (46) hYnPorz sfeIt amrIkf dI visLMgtn styt ivwc kolMbIaf irvr AuWqy siQwq hY. ieh sfeIt sMn 1943 ivwc mYnhYtn pRojYkt dOrfn sLurU kIqf igaf sI aqy TMZI jMg dy aKIr AuWqy ies nUM bMd kr idwqf igaf sI. ies QF AuWqy pYdf kIqf igaf plftInm pihly prmfxU bMb ivwc vriqaf igaf sI ijs df tYWst tirMntI sfeIt AuWqy igaf sI. nON agsq 1945 nUM “PYt mYn” nF df ijhVf bMb jfpfn dy sLihr nfgfsfkI AuWqy suwitaf igaf sI, Aus ivwc vriqaf igaf plftInm vI hYnPorz ivwc hI iqafr kIqf igaf sI. amrIkf dy bhuqy prmfxU hiQafrF ivwc vriqaf igaf plftInm ies QF AuWqy iqafr kIqf igaf sI. (47) afAu dyKIey ik ies QF qoN ikMnI ku prmfxU rihMd-KUMhd pYdf hoeI hY.


ieh sfeIt 50 sfl qwk kMm krdf irhf. ies smyN dOrfn iewQy 67 mItirk tMn plftInm iqafr kIqf igaf. XurynIam ivwcoN plftInm kwZx dI rsfiexk pRikRaf dOrfn 20 lwK Gx-mItr (50 kRoV gYln) bhuq hI ijLafdf ryzIEaYkitv rsfiexk jLihrIlI rihMd-KUMhd aqy 1[7 arb Gx-mItr (450 arb gYln) pRoosYWsz qrl pYdf hoieaf. lyKk amrIkf dy izpfrtmYNt afP aYnrjI dy hvfly nfl ilKdy hn ik aYstInfeIzjL (muwK rUp ivwc plftInm) nfl dUisLq 76,000 Gx-mItr Tos rihMd-KUhMd aqy 12 lwK Gx-mItr nIvyN pwDr dI dUisLq Tos rihMd KUMhd ies QF AuWqy dwbI hoeI hY. (48) iewQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik prmfxU hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn dOrfn pYdf hox vflI ryzIEaYkitv rihMd-KUhMd keI hjLfr sflF qwk jLihrIlI rihMdI hY aqy ies nUM nsLt krn df koeI qswlIbKsL hwl ajy qwk mOjUd nhIN hY.


ies qoN ibnF keI qrHF dI rihMd-KUhMd iswDI vfqfvrn ivwc Cwz idwqI geI. Audfhrn leI kYmIkl pRosYisMg dOrfn pYdf hox vflIaF asiQr gYsF, keI vfr iPltr kIqy ibnF hI, vfqfvrn ivwc Cwz idwqIaF geIaF. kRomIam aqy ryzIEaYkitv afiesotopsF nfl dUisLq rIaYktrF nUM TMzf krn vflf pfxI bfhr KulHf Cwz idwqf igaf. rihMd-KUhMd (vyst) vwjoN pYdf hoey hor keI qrHF dy qrl DrqI AuWqly qlfvF jF DrqI hyTly qlfvF jF DrqI hyTly pfxI ivwc Cwz idwqy gey. ivmnjL ieMtrnYsLnl lIg Pfr pIs aYNz PrIzm dy vYWbsfeIt AuWqy pRkfsLq irport “dI ienvfiermYNt aYNz dI inAUklIar eyj” ivwc amrIkf dy jnrl akfAuNitMg afiPs vloN 1991 ivwc pRkfsLq kIqy iek zfkUmYNt dy hvfly nfl ikhf igaf hY ik hYnPorz sfeIt qoN 444 arb gYln ryzIEaYkitv qrl rihMd-KUMhd vfqfvrn ivwc CwzI geI sI. (49) prmfxU rihMd KUMhd nfl sMbMDq AuWpr idwqI jfxkfrI isrP prmfxU hiQafr bxfAux nfl sMbMDq iek QF qoN hI hY. amrIkf dIaF prmfxU bxfAux vflIaF sfrIaF QFvF qoN ikMnI ryzIEaYkitv rihMd KUMhd vfqfvrn ivwc suwtI geI hovygI aqy ikMnI ku rihMd-KUMhd ajy vI AuhnF QFvF AuWqy stor kIqI peI hY ies bfry aMdfjLf sihjy hI lfieaf jf skdf hY.


prmfxU hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn dOrfn jLihrIlI prmfxU rihMd-KUhMd pYdf hox aqy vfqfvrn ivwc suwty jfx bfry sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc vI hflq amrIkf vrgy hI sn jF keI irportF anusfr amrIkf qoN vI BYVy sn. sfbkf sovIaq XUnIan ivwc afm hI dirafvF jF JIlF ivwc prmfxU rihMd-KUMhd suwtI jFdI rhI sI. sMn 1957 ivwc rUs ivwc cYlIafibMsk siQwq prmfxU hiQafr bxfAux vflI QF `qy rihMd-KUMhd nUM sMBflx vfly iek tYNk dy Ptx nfl ryzIEaYkitv bwdl 200 vrg iklomItr qoN vI vwD KyqrPl vfly ielfky ivwc PYl igaf sI. nqIjy vjoN ies ielfky dy sB qoN vwD ryzIEaYkitv pRdUsLn vfly Kyqr ivcly lgBg sfry drwKq jF qF mr gey sn jF nuksfny gey sn. (50) abIr mjId anusfr sMn 1952 qoN bfad sovIaq imltrI ny mfXk plFt qoN 1 arb ikAUrIjL dy brfbr dI prmfxU rihMd-KUMhd lyk kfrcya ivwc suwt idwqI. (ikAUrI iksy ryzIEaYkitv pdfrQ vwloN CwzI jfx vflI ryzIeysLn nUM mfpx dI iekfeI hY ijhVI iek grfm ryzIam dI ryzIEaYkitvtI dy brfbr huMdI hY.) ies JIl ivwc eynI vwzI pwDr AuWqy suwtI prmfxU rihMd-KUMhd ivwcoN pYdf hox vflI grmI dy nqIjy vwjoN ies JIl df pfxI suwkx lwg ipaf. sMn 1988 qwk ies JIl ivwc cYrnoibl prmfxU plFt dI durGtnf kfrn vfqfvrn ivwc CwzI geI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI qoN ZfeI guxF ijLafdf ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI suwtI jf cuwkI sI. (51) hux ieh JIl sImYNt dy pwQrF nfl BrI peI hY qF ik ies ivclI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI ies qoN bfhr nf jf sky, iPr vI arkitk mOnItirMg aYNz asYWsmYNt pRogrfm df kihxf hY ik ies ivwcoN rihMd-KUhMd DrqI hyTly pfxI ivwc jf skdI hY aqy AuWQoN tYkf ndI nUM pRdUsLq kr skdI hY. jy koeI ivakqI ies JIl dy kMZy iek GMtf KVf rhy qF Aus dI kuwJ hPiqaF ivwc hI mOq ho skdI hY. (52)


prmfxU hiQafrF nfl sMbMDq vfqfvrn dy pRdUsLn df iek hor vwzf kfrn hY prmfxU hiQafrF dy tYst. iehnF hiQafrF dy tYWstF dOrfn vwzI pwDr AuWqy ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI vfqfvrn ivwc dfKl huMdI hY. pihlF pihl prmfxU hiQafrF dy tYWst DrqI qoN AuWprly vfqfvrn ivwc kIqy jFdy sn. iPr aijhf krnf bMd kr idwqf igaf aqy prmfxU tYWst DrqI dy hyTF jF pfxI dy hyTF kIqy jfx lwgy. hux qwk dunIaf ivwc 2053 prmfxU tYst Dmfky kIqy jf cuwky hn. iehnF tYWstF dy nqIijaF vjoN vfqfvrn ivwc PYlI DmfkfKyjL smwgrI dI mfqrf amrIkf vloN hIrosLImf AuWqy suwty bMb dy afkfr dy 40,000 bMbF kfrn pYdf hox vflI DmfkfKyjL smwgrI dy brfbr hY. iehnF tYWstF dOrfn vfqfvrn ivwc PYlx vflI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dI mfqrf cYrnoibl prmfxU durGtnf kfrn vfqfvrn ivwc PYlI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI dI mfqrF qoN 50 guxF vwD hY. vfqfvrn ivwc kIqy pRmfxU tYWstF dy nqIjy vjoN vfqfvrn ivwc PYlI ryzIEaYkitv smwgrI kfrn smyN dy bIqx nfl 15 lwK mnuwKI mOqF hox df aMdfjLf hY. (53) ies dy nfl hI ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik prmfxU hiQafrF dy Auqpfdn aqy tYWstF kfrn vfqfvrn ivwc jo pRdUsLn PYilaf hY Aus nUM sfP krnf bhuq mihMgf hY. iek irport anusfr amrIkf ivwc PYly ies pRdUsLx nUM sfP krn leI sMn 2070 qwk 3 Krb (300 iblIan) zflr Krc hox df aMdfjLf hY. (54)


jMg dOrfn jMglF df Kfqmf
ipCly 5-6 dhfikaF dOrfn jMgF ivwc POj vloN vwzI pwDr AuWqy jMglF df nuksfn krn dIaF keI AudfhrnF imldIaF hn. asIN iewQy vIaqnfm aqy aPgfinsqfn dIaF jMgF nfl sMbMDq kuJ qwQ pysL krFgy. jrgn brfier afpxI ikqfb “vfr aYNz nycr” ivwc ilKdf hY ik vIaqnfm dI jMg dOrfn vIaqnfm dy jMglF df iqMn ZMgF nfl nuksfn hoieaf. sB qoN pihlF qF ies jMg dOrfn amrIkn POjF vloN vIaqnfm dI DrqI AuWqy suwty gey bMbF ny AuWQoN dy jMglF df kfPI nuksfn kIqf. jdoN iksy jMgl ivwc koeI bMb izwgdf hY qF Auh sLfk qrMgF pYdf krky, afpxy CwiraF nfl aqy DrqI AuWpr toey pf ky jMglfq nUM nuksfn phuMcfAuNdf hY. brfier dy aMdfjLy anusfr dwKxI vIaqnfm AuWpr amrIkf vwloN suwty bMbF kfrn dwKxI vIaqnfm dI DrqI dy kuwl KyqrPl dy 40 PIsdI ihwsy AuWqy 2 qoN 2[5 kroV qwk drwKq nsLt ho gey sn. (55) iewQy ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik amrIkf vwloN bhuqy bMb do sflF, sMn 1968 aqy 1969 ivwc suwty gey sn, ies leI iehnF drwKqF ivwcoN bhuqy drwKq vI iehnF do sflF ivwc nsLt hoey hoxgy. eyny QoVHy vkPy ivwc eyny ijLafdf drwKqF dy Kfqmy nfl jLrUr hI vfqfvrn AuWqy asr vI iqwKf hoieaf hovygf.


drwKqF dy Kfqmy dy nfl vfqfvrn AuWqy hor kI asr pY skdy hn? ies bfry brfier df anumfn ies pRkfr hY. drwKqF dy Kfqmy nfl DrqI hyTF pfxI df pwDr (vftrtybl) AuWcf ho jFdf hY ijhVf ik sQfnk “eIkoisstm” AuWqy asr pfAux dy nfl nfl afpxy qoN nIvyN pfsy dy “eIkoisstm” AuWqy vI asr pfAuNdf hY ijs kfrn imwtI Kur skdI hY, imwtI ivwcly AupjfAU qwq nsLt ho skdy hn aqy hVH af skdy hn. toieaF vflI DrqI ivwc pfxI KVHf rih skdf hY aqy Aus ivwc Psl AugfAuxI musLikl ho skdI hY. brfier kuwJ irportF dy hvfly nfl awgy ilKdf hY ik sMn 1965-71 ivckfr ieMzocIn dI DrqI AuWqy bMbF kfrn 2 kRoV 60 lwK toey puwty gey sn ijhnF kfrn 1710 vrg iklomItr df ielfkf pRBfivq hoieaf sI. iehnF irportF anusfr lVfeI qoN keI sflF bfad qwk vI toieaF duafly dI DrqI aqy bnspqI burI qrHF pRBfivq rhI, iehnF ielfikaF ivwc Jony dIaF PslF AugfAux ivwc musLikl afAuNdIaF rhIaF ikAuNik zUMGy toieaF ivwc Jonf AugfAuxf musLikl sI aqy toieaF vfly ielfky ivwc Gfh df bolbflf ho igaf aqy jMglF df dubfrF AuWgxf musLikl ho bx igaf.(56)


bMbF dy nfl nfl amrIkf dIaF POjF ny vIaqnfm dy pyNzU ielfikaF ivwc jMglF df sPfieaf krn leI vwzI pwDr AuWqy bulzojLrF dI vI vrqoN kIqI sI. aijhf ies leI kIqf igaf sI qF ik vIaqnfmI POjF amrIkn POjF AuWpr jMglF ivwcoN Gfq lf ky hmly nf kr skx aqy Auh jMglF ivwc luk nf skx. pihlF pihl bulzojrF nfl vwzIaF sVkF dy nfl lwgdIaF 100-300 mItr qwk dIaF pwtIaF ivwcoN jMglF df sPfieaf kIqf igaf. bfad ivwc bulzojrF dIaF POjI tukVIaF bxf ky sYNkVy vrg iklomItrF ivwcoN jMglF df AuWkf hI sPfieaf kr idwqf igaf. kuwl imlf ky dwKxI vIaqnfm ivwc bulzojLrF nfl 3250 vrg iklomItr jMgl Kqm kr idwqy gey. ieh KyqrPl dwKxI vIaqnfm dy kuwl KyqrPl dy do PIsdI dy brfbr bxdf hY. (57) jMglF dy ies Kfqmy dy nfl nfl iehnF jMglF ivwc rihMdy jMglI jfnvrF df vI sPfieaf ho igaf aqy ies Kyqr dI hyTlI imwtI Kory dI mfr hyT af geI.


ies qoN ibnF amrIkI POjF ny vIaqnfm dy jMglF aqy PslF df nuksfn krn leI vwzI pwDr AuWqy bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF dI vrqoN kIqI. aijhf do kfrnF krky kIqf igaf. iek qF jMglF ivwc drKqF dy pwqy JfVn leI qF ik vIaqnfmI POjF jMglF ivwc luk nf skx aqy dUsrf PslF qbfh krn leI qFik vIaqnfm dy anfj Auqpfdn AuWpr swt mfrI jf sky. brfier ey[ aYWc[ vYsitMg dy hvfly nfl ilKdf hY ik sMn 1962-71 ivckfr amrIkI POjF vwloN dwKxI vIaqnfm dy 16,700 vrg iklomItr dy ielfky AuWpr 7 kRoV 24 lwK lItr bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF iCVkfeIaF geIaF.(58) iehnF dvfeIaF nfl vIaqnfm dy vfqfvrn AuWpr iks qrHF df asr ipaf hY ies bfry brfier bhuq sfry aiDanF ivwcoN jfxkfrI pysL krdf hY. ieh aiDan krn leI vrqy gey vwK vwK ZMgF, vwK vwK jfxkfrI dy sRoqF afid kfrn iehnF ivwc vIaqnfm ivwc hoey vfqfvrn dy nuksfn bfry vwK vwK aMdfjLy lgfey gey hn. ies dy nfl nfl keI hor pwK hn jo bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF kfrn vIaqnfm dy jMglF nUM hoey nuksfn bfry shI aMdfjLf lfAux ivwc musLikl pysL krdy hn. Audfhrn leI, jMglF dy drwKqF AuWqy pwqy JfVn leI iCVkI dvf kfrn drwKqF nUM hoieaf nuksfn isrP iek sIjn leI hI irhf sI jF ies kfrn pwkf jF lMmy icr qwk rihx vflf nuksfn vI hoieaf sI. ies hI qrHF Auprly drwKqF dy pwqy JVn nfl AuhnF dy hyTF AuWgIaF hoeIaF jVHIaF bUtIaF aqy jIv jMqUaF AuWpr iks qrHF df asr hoieaf sI. iehnF aqy ies qrHF dIaF hor musLiklF kfrn brfier dwKxI vIaqnfm ivwc eynI vwzI mfqrf ivwc vrqIaF geIaF bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF kfrn vfqfvrn nUM hoey nuksfn bfry Tos nqIjy kwZxoN iJjkdf hY. pr ies dy nfl nfl Auh ieh vI kihMdf hY ik “bMbF kfrn dwKxI vIaqnfm dI 40 PIsdI DrqI, bulzojLrF kfrn 2 PIsdI DrqI aqy bUtInfsLk dvfeIaF dI vrqoN kfrn 10 PIsdI DrqI pRBfivq hoeI. ieh spwsLt rUp ivwc ikhf jf skdf hY ik lgBg awDy dwKxI vIaqnfm dy vfqfvrn AuWqy pRBfv ipaf. bysLwk, ieh asr keI qrHF dy sn. Auh gMBIr vI sn aqy iek qrHF nfl lMmy smyN qwk rihx vfly vI. Auh gMBIr ies qrHF sn ik kRoVF drwKq aqy hor bnspqI nuksfnI geI aqy nsLt ho geI. bnspqI dy nsLt hox nfl jfnvrF dI Kurfk aqy pnfh vflIaF QFvF ivwc kmI afAuNdI hY. vfqfvrn ivwc dubfrf suDfr hox ivwc dhfky lwgdy hn, ies leI ieh asr lMmy smyN qwk rihx vfly sn (hn)...” (59)


aPgfinsqfn ipCly iqMn dhfikaF qoN jMg dI mfr hyT hY. iehnF iqMnF dhfikaF dOrfn aPgfinsqfn dy jMglF nUM burI qrHF nuksfn phuMicaf hY. ies nuksfn krn ivwc jMg ny keI ZMgF nfl afpxf asr pfieaf hY. sB qoN pihlF bMbF aqy golIbfrI kfrn jMglF df iswDf nuksfn hoieaf hY. kuwJ iek irportF ivwc aPgfinsqfn ivwc sovIaq XUnIan dIaF POjF dy dOr smyN lVfeI dOrfn jMglF nUM awgF lwgx dIaF irportF hn. dUjI pwDr AuWqy dysL ivwc eynf smF lVfeI rihx kfrn dysL ivwc koeI siQr aqy mjLbUq srkfr nhIN rhI ijsdI aQfrtI sfry dysL AuWqy lfgU huMdI hovy aqy jo dysL dy jMglF dI sMBfl aqy surwiKaf krn dy Xog hovy. nqIjy vwjoN aPgfinsqfn ivwc iek itMbr mfPIaf pYdf ho igaf hY jo aPgfinsqfn dy jMglF nUM kwt kwt ky pfiksqfn nUM smgl kr irhf hY. mdr jonjL mYgjLIn ivwc Cpy iek afrtIkl ivwc mfeIkl kYNbr ilKdf hY ik qusIN aPgfinsqfn/pfiksqfn bfrzr AuWqy KVHy ho ky kwty hoey drwKqF dy qixaF (lfgF) nfl lwdy hoey trwk aPgfinsqfn qoN pfiksqfn ivwc afAuNdy afm dyK skdy ho. aPgfinsqfn ivwc itMbr dI ieh smwgilMg vpfrk Pfiedy leI vI kIqI jFdI hY aqy qfilbnF vwloN afpxIaF POjI kfrvfeIaF leI Dn iekwqr krn leI vI kIqI jFdI hY. aPgfinsqfn ivwc jMglF dy nuksfn dy sMbMD ivwc aglI gwl ieh hY ik lVfeI kfrn aPgfinsqfn df buinafdI ZFcf burI qrHF Zih ZyrI ho igaf hY. ibjlI pYdf krn vfly keI plFt aqy ibjlI ilafAux vflIaF lfeInF Zih ZyrI ho geIaF. nqIjy vwjoN sLihrF dI vsoN nUM vI afpxIaF bflx dIaF loVF dI pUrqI krn leI lwkV AuWqy inrBr hoxf pY irhf hY, ijs nfl aPgfinsqfn dy jMglF nUM kwtx dI dr ivwc hor vfDf ho irhf hY.(60)


sMn 2002 ivwc XUnfeIitz nysLnjL ienvfiermYNt pRogrfm dI iek tIm aPgfinsqfn ivwc vfqfvrn nUM hoey nuksfn df jfiejLf lYx leI geI qF Aus ny afpxI irport “aPgfinsqfn afn dI birMk afP nYcurl ziejLYstr” ivwc iliKaf ik bfdGIs aqy qwKr sUibaF dy keI ielfikaF ivwc iek vI drwKq nhIN bwicaf, ijhnF ielfikaF ivwc iqMn dhfky pihlF Gxy jMgl huMdy sn. (61) mfeIkl kYNbr vI afpxy afrtIkl ivwc aPgfinsqfn dI vfqfvrn aqy jMglF dI siQqI bfry kuwJ ies qrHF dy ivcfr hI pysL krdf hY. Auh ilKdf hY, “amrIkf vloN qfilbfn aqy alkfiedf ivruwD lVI jf rhI lVfeI ivwc aPgfinsqfn dy vfqfvrn bfry bhuq Gwt ikhf igaf hY. ieh iek bhuq vwzI Buwl hY ikAuNik ZfeI kRoV vsoN vflf, cfry pfisAuN DrqI nfl iGiraf (lYNz lfkz) ieh dysL vfqfvrn nfl sMbMDq mfrU qbfhI df sfhmxf kr irhf hY, ijhVy sMkt nUM jMg ny hor iBafnk bxf idwqf hY. ies smyN KfnfjMgI df iek hor gyV dysL dy jMglF aqy pihlF hI sMktmeI siQqI ivwc iGry keI jIv jMqUaF df sPfieaf kr skdf hY.” (62) kYNbr afpxy afrtIkl ivwc awgy ilKdf hY ik vfqfvrn nfl sMbMDq sMsQFvF isPfirsL kr rhIaF hn ik DrqI nUM ho rhy nuksfn aqy hvf dI kuafltI TIk rwKx leI aPgfinsqfn dy 15 PIsdI KyqrPl ivwc jMgl hoxy cfhIdy hn jdoN ik aslIaq ieh hY ik hux aPgfinsqfn dI DrqI dy isrP 1 aqy do PIsdI Kyqr ivwc jMgl hn.


POj vloN vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux dy hor pwK
hux qwk asIN POj vwloN vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux dy kuwJ iek pwKF bfry ivsQfrpUrbk gwl kIqI hY. iehnF qoN ibnF POj vloN vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux dy keI hor pwK vI hn. Audfhrn leI POj dIaF isKlfeI dIaF msLkF, jMgF kfrn pYdf hoey sLrnfrQI aqy POjI msLInrI aqy sfjLo sfmfn bxfAux leI vrqI jFdI smwgrI, AUrjf, aqy hor vsIly vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux ivwc vwzI BUimkf inBfAuNdy hn. lyK lMmf ho jfx kfrn iewQy iehnF sfry pwKF bfry ivsQfrpUrbk gwl nhIN kIqI jf skdI. ies dy nfl hI ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik ies lyK ivwc vrqIaF bhuqIaF AudfhrnF amrIkf dI POj nfl sMMbMDq hn. aijhf ies krky vfpiraf hY ikAuNik ies lyK bfry Koj kridaF lyKk nUM amrIkf bfry ijLafdf jfxkfrI pRfpq hoeI hY. ies dy nfl hI ieh vI not krn vflI gwl hY ik ies smyN dunIaf Br ivwc POjF AuWqy hox vfly KricaF dy 43 PIsdI dy brfbr Krcy amrIkf vwloN kIqy jf rhy hn. stfkhom ieMtrnYsLnl pIs rIsrc ieMstIicAUt vwloN sMn 2009 ivwc dunIaf Br ivwc hoey kuwl POjI KricaF df aMdfjLF 15.31 Krb (1[531 itRlIan jF1531 iblIan) zflr dy brfbr lfieaf igaf hY. iehnF KricaF ivwcoN 6[61 Krb (661 iblIan) zflr amrIkf ny Krcy sn. (63) iPr vI ieh lyK pVH ky ieh pRBfv iblkul nhIN lYxf cfhIdf ik dunIaf dy hor dysLF dIaF POjF dI vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn ivwc BUimkf nhIN hY. hr dysL dIaF POjF dI vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux ivwc vwzI BUimkf hY. Audfhrn leI, 15 julfeI 2010 nUM zYmokrysI nfAu nUM idwqI iek ieMtrvIAU dOrfn iswkm dy glysLIar aqy klfeImyt cyNj kimsLn dy pRDfn seId iekbfl hsnYn ny ikhf ik ihmfilaf Kyqr ivwc mOjUd cIn, ihMdusqfn aqy pfiksqfn dIaF POjF dIaF gwzIaF vloN qyl bflx kfrn vfqfvrn ivwc CwzIaF jf rhIaF grIn hfAUs gYsF ies Kyqr dy glysLIarF nUM ipGlfAux df iek kfrn ho skdIaF hn. (64)


iswtf:
AuprlI jfxkfrI dy afDfr AuWpr sB qoN pihlf iswtf qF ieh kwiZaf jf skdf hY ik POj aqy AusdIaF kfrvfeIaF dI vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcfAux ivwc vwzI BUimkf hY. afm krky sfzy hukmrfnF vwloN ieh dfavf kIqf jFdf hY ik POj dI hoNd dysL/dysLF dI surwiKaf leI jLrUrI hY. pr aslIaq ieh hY ik dunIaF Br ivwc POj, Aus vwloN lVIaF jf rhIaF jMgF aqy AusdIaF hor kfrvfeIaF vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcf ky DrqI dI hoNd leI aqy nqIjy vjoN sfzI surwiKaf leI Kqrf bx rhIaF hn. POj dIaF jMgI kfrvfrIaF kfrn iekwly Aus QF dy vfqfvrn nUM hI nuksfn nhIN phuMcdf ijwQy jMg lVI jf rhI hovy sgoN smuwcI DrqI dy vfqfvrn nUM nuksfn phuMcdf hY. nqIjy vjoN jMgI kfrvfeIaF kfrn AuhnF lokF dI hoNd vI Kqry ivwc pYNdI hY jo jMg dy ielfky qoN dUr hox.
ies leI jy asIN shI arQF ivwc vfqfvrn nUM bcfAuxf hY qF sfzy vloN sMsfr Br ivwc lVIaF jf rhIaF jMgF df ivroD krnf jLrUrI hY.

pRcwilq mIzIey ivwc afm qOr AuWqy vfqfvrn dI smwisaf dy kuwJ ies qrHF dy hwl pysL kIqy jFdy hn: vfqfvrn nUM bcfAux leI sfnUM Aus kmry dI bwqI bMd kr dyxI cfhIdI hY ijs kmry ivwc asIN nf hoeIey, sfnUM aijhy blb vrqxy cfhIdy hn ijhVy ibjlI dI Kpq Gwt krdy hox, sfnUM ibnF vjHf dy kfr stfrt nhIN rwKxI cfhIdI, sfnUM vsqF rIsfeIkl krnIaF cfhIdIaF hn, vgYrf vgYrf. jy asIN iehnF hwlF nUM AupRokq jfxkfrI dy mwdynjLr dyKIey qF ieh gwl sfP ho jFdI hY ik ieh hwl vfqfvrn dI smwisaf nUM sulJfAux leI koeI asrdfiek BUimkf nhIN inBf skdy. Audfhrn leI ijMnf qyl 1000 kfrF sfl ivwc KFdIaF hn, Aunf qyl aYbrYm tYNkF dI iek izvIjLn iek idn ivwc Kf jFdI hY jF ijMnf qyl iek pirvfrk kfr iqMn sflF ivwc KFdI hY, Aunf jF Aus qoN vwD qyl iek PfeItr jhfjL iek GMty ivwc Kf jFdy hn. asIN afpxIaF kfrF nUM ibnHF vjHf dy stfrt rwKx AuWqy ijMnI mrjLI rok lf leIey, asIN vfqfvrn ivwc PYlx vflIaF gYsF dI mfqrf Aunf icr nhIN Gtf skFgy ijMnf icr qwk POjF dy iekwly iekwly PfeItr jhfjL iek GMty ivwc qyl dy sYNkVy gYlnF dI Kpq krdy rihxgy. ies leI vfqfvrn ivwc grIn hfAUs gYsF dy PYlfa nUM rokx leI jMg aqy POjI kfrvfeIaF df ivroD krnf jLrUrI hY.

aKIr ivwc sfzy leI ieh smJxf vI jLrUrI hY ik dunIaF ivwc lVIaF jf rhIaF ieh jMgF, POjF dI igxqI ivwc ho irhf ieh vfDf aqy hiQafrF df ho irhf ieh Auqpfdn sMsfr dy isafsI aqy afriQk pRbMD nfl bwJf hoieaf hY. ies sMsfr-pRbMD ivwc qfkqvr dysLF vwloN afpxIaF loVF leI dUjy dysLF dy vsIilaF AuWqy iswDy jF aiswDy rUp ivwc kfbjL hox leI POj dI vrqoN nUM jfiejL mMinaf jFdf hY. ies pRbMD ivwc POj AuWqy kIqy jf rhy KrbF zflrF dy KricaF nUM afriQkqf ivwc vfDy df sfDn smiJaf jFdf hY. ies pRbMD ivwc hr Aus cIjL nUM Kqm krnf jfiejL smiJaf jFdf hY jo ies dy rfh ivwc roVf bxdI hovy. ies leI dunIaF Br ivwc ho rhy vfqfvrn dy nuksfn leI ies sMsfr-pRbMD dI Kfs BUimkf hY. nqIjy vwjoN vfqfvrn dy bcfa leI ies sMsfr pRbMD nUM cuxOqI dyxI jLrUrI hY.***


hvfly:
1. EPA (February 2005). Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel (EPA420-F-05-001). Downloaded July 9/2010 from: http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/420f05001.pdf 
2. Karbuz, Sohbet (February 2, 2007). US military oil pains Energy bulletin. Downloaded July 9/2010 from: http://energybulletin.net/print/26194
3. Sanders, Barry (2009). The Green Zone:The Environmental Costs of Militarism Oakland: AK Press.
4. Sanders, Barry (2009)
5. Sanders, Barry (2009)
6. Sanders, Barry (2009)
7. Sanders, Barry (2009)
8. Sanders, Barry (2009)
9. Sanders, Barry (2009)
10. Sanders, Barry (2009)
11. NationMaster.com. Energy Statistics. Downloaded July 21, 2010 from http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/ene_oil_con-energy-oil-consumption&b_printable=1 
12. Judson, Tim (Fall 1999) Depleted Uranium in War. Synthesis/Regeneration. Downloaded July 12, 2010 from: http://www.greens.org/s-r/20/20-12.html
13. Sanders, Barry (2009); Johnson, Larry (November 12, 2002) Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U.S. depleted uranium. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Downloaded July 12, 2010 from: http://www.seattlepi.com/national/95178_du12.shtml
14. Zudson, Tim (Fall 1999)
15. Jamail, Dahr (March 2010). The New ‘Forgotten’ War. Extra. Downloaded July 26, 2010 from: http://dahrjamailiraq.com/the-new-%E2%80%98forgotten-war
16. Sanders, Barry (2009)
17. Moret, Leuren (July 2010). Depleted Uranium: The Trojan Horse of Nuclear War. World Affairs - Journal of International Issues. Downloaded July, 2010 from: http://www.mindfully.org/Nucs/2004/DU-Trojan-Horse1jul04.htm
18. Quoted in Westerman, Doug (May 2006). Depleted Uranium - Far Worse Than 9/11. Global Research. Downloaded July 23, 2010 from: http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=2374
19. Ghazi, Jalal (Feb. 2010). Cancer - Deadly legacy of the invasion of Iraq. Aljazeera.com. Downloaded July 27, 2010 from: http://aljazeera.com/news/articles/39/Cancer-Deadly-legacy-of-the-invasion-of-Iraq.html
20. Ghazi, Jalal (Feb. 2010).
21. Westerman, Doug (May 2006).
22. Ghazi, Jalal (Feb. 2010).
23. Campaign Against Depleted Uranium. Depleted Uranium: The facts. Downloaded July 19, 2010 from: http://www.cadu.org.uk/intro.htm
24. Berhe, A. A. (2007). The Contribution Of Landmines To Land Degradation. Land Degradation & Development. Downloaded on July 28, 2010 from: http://eps.berkeley.edu/~aaberhe/Berhe%202007-%20LM%20and%20LD.pdf
25. Berhe, A. A. (2007).
26. Beruden, Dascha van (2007). Landmines in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Friends of The Earth. Downloaded on July 26, 2010 from: http://www.motherearth.org/info/BHMAC_en.pdf
27. Sanders, Barry (2009)
28. Berhe, A. A. (2007).
29. Berhe, A. A. (2007).
30. Majeed, Abeer(2004). The Impact of Militarism On The Environment: An Overview Of Direct And Indirect Effects. Physicians for Global Survival (Canada).
31. International Peace Bureau (2002). The Military’s Impact On The Environment: A Neglected Aspect Of The Sustainable Development Debate. Downloaded July 8, 2010 from: http://www.ipb.org/i/pdf-files/ The_Militarys_Impact_on_the_Environment.pdf
32. Miller, Judith (1999). Cold war leaves a deadly anthrax legacy. New York Times News Service. Downloaded on July 15, 2010 from: http://www.phaster.com/unpretentious/uzbekistan_anthrax.html
33. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
34. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
35. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
36. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
37. Ocean Dumping of Chemical Weapons. noblis. Downloaded on August 3, 2010 from: http://www.noblis.org/MissionAreas/nsi/BackgroundonChemical Warfare/OceanDumpingofChemicalWeapons/Pages/default.aspx 
38. Harigel, Gert G. (November 2001). Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Downloaded on August 4, 2010 from: http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2001/11/00_harigel_cbw.htm
39. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
40. Newman, Joshua and Dawn Verdugo. Building awareness of sea-dumped chemical weapons. Downloaded on August 3, 2010 from: http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2963.pdf
41. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention#cite_note-sixty-4
43. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
44. New Internationalist( June 2008). Nuclear Weapons: the Facts. New Internationalist. (8-9)
45. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
46. Crowley, Kevin and John F. Ahearne (November - December 2002). Managing the Environmental Legacy of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Production. American Scientist. Downloaded 4 August, 2010 from: http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/managing-the-environmental-legacy-of-us-nuclear-weapons-production
47. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
48. Crowley, Kevin and John F. Ahearne (November - December 2002).
49. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. The Environment And the Nuclear Age. Downloaded on August 1, 2010 from http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/technical/factsheets/environmental.html
50. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
51. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
52. Majeed, Abeer(2004).
53. New Internationalist( June 2008).
54. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
55. Brauer, Jurgen (2009). War and Nature: The Environmental Consequences of War in a Globalized World. Newyork: Altamira Press.
56. Brauer, Jurgen (2009).
57. Brauer, Jurgen (2009).
58. Brauer, Jurgen (2009).
59. Brauer, Jurgen (2009).
60. Kamber, Michael (March 2002). Afghanistan’s Environmental Casualies. Mother Jones. Downloaded on August 10, 2002 from: http://motherjones.com/environment/2002/03/afghanistans-environmental-casualties
61. Caas, Francis, Yoko Haglwara and David Jensen. Afghanistan on the brink of natural disaster. GRID-Arendal. Downloaded on August 12, 2010 from: http://www.grida.no/publications/et/ep3/page/2611.aspx
62. Kamber, Michael (March 2002).
63. Perlo-Freeman, Sam, Olawale Ismail and Carina Solmirano (2010). Chapter 5. Military Expenditure. In SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armanents, Disarmaments and International Security. Downloaded August 8, 2010 from: http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2010/05
64. Democracy Now (July 2010). Himalayan Glaciers Melting Faster Than Anywhere Else in World. Downloaded on July 20, 2010 from: http://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/15 /himalayan_glaciers_melting_faster_than_anywhere